Nature has had to produce interesting solutions to maintain metabolic homeostasis: For example, when the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are stimulated to secrete insulin, there is a risk that the insulin could actually lead to reactive hypoglycemia and thus starve the brain (this actually happens when diabetes mellitus patients artificially inject too much insulin or inject in normal dose but just don’t eat sufficiently); there is also a risk when one eats a carbohydrate-free protein meal because amino acids stimulate insulin secretion the way carbohydrates do which (alone) means all of the glucose in the blood at the time would be up taken into cells that are insulin-sensitive during that meal, inducing hypoglycemia. With that, what do you recall nature’s solution to offset both these insulin-based effects are?

True or False? With androgens present, the Wolffian duct will form the epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens and ejaculatory duct.

True or False? Serotonin and melatonin are derived from the amino acid tryptophan whereas the catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

True or False? Since we know hormones which are lipophilic, like the steroid hormones, are transported in the blood via carrier proteins, this means they must have much shorter half-lives than ones which dissolve in plasma, like the peptide hormones. Hint: think of an example of a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone and ask yourself which one remains in circulation longer before being broken down, recycled and/or excreted.

Hospitals will always have blood of universal donor type for emergency transfusions, which is what?

Normal fasting blood glucose levels of healthy patients are approximately what?

True or False? Gastric ulcers were initially believed to be due purely to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) overgrowth, however, through self experimentation a researcher showed it was completely due to stress causing excess HCl secretion.

Building on what we learned about the pathophysiological manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the lungs, in the digestive system a mutation in the CFTR gene leads to a lack of isotonic saline solution and bicarbonate from pancreatic and duodenal cells because:

The granular leukocyte (granulocyte) grouping includes neutrophils, among others, while the agranular leukocyte (agranulocyte) grouping includes lymphocytes, among others.

Low levels of the adipose tissue satiety hormone called leptin have been observed in biologically female athletes with chronic negative energy balance. From an evolutionary standpoint, it’s possible these individuals may also experience what?