Roberto is working with a researcher who is interested in the potential connection between chromium and development of type II diabetes. Roberto has an idea for a study design that will help them to move forward with this project. Which of the following study designs do you think Roberto should pose to his supervisor. Why? How would Roberto set up the study? case-control animal study cross-sectional longitudinal

______ (also called in vivo) and ______ are both types of experimental research not conducted on humans. _______ _______

Which of the two studies below is qualitative and which is quantitative? Explain your answer using examples from each study. Study 1: Objective: To investigate associations of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods (UPF) with the overall diet quality of First Nations peoples. Design: An analysis of data from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, designed to contribute to knowledge gaps regarding the diet of First Nations peoples living on-reserve, south of the 60th parallel. A multistage sampling of communities was conducted. All foods from 24 h dietary recalls were categorized into NOVA categories and analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of UPF on diet quality. Setting: Western and Central Canada. Subjects: First Nations participants aged 19 years or older. Results: The sample consisted of 3700 participants. UPF contributed 53·9 % of energy. Compared with the non-UPF fraction of the diet, the UPF fraction had 3·5 times less vitamin A, 2·4 times less K, 2·2 times less protein, 2·3 times more free sugars and 1·8 times more Na. As the contribution of UPF to energy increased so did the overall intakes of energy, carbohydrate, free sugar, saturated fat, Na, Ca and vitamin C, and Na:K; while protein, fibre, K, Fe and vitamin A decreased. Diets of individuals who ate traditional First Nations food (e.g. wild plants and game animals) on the day of the recall were lower in UPF. Conclusions: UPF were prevalent in First Nations diets. Efforts to curb UPF consumption and increase intake of traditional First Nations foods and other fresh or minimally processed foods would improve diet quality and health in First Nations peoples. Study 2: Objective: To investigate the child nutrition concerns of Aboriginal families with young children attending Aboriginal health and early childhood services in Victoria; training needs of early childhood practitioners; and sources of nutrition and child health information and advice for Aboriginal families with young children. Method: Needs assessment involving consultation with Aboriginal parents of young children aged 0-8 years attending Aboriginal health and early childhood services, and early childhood practitioners from Aboriginal health and early childhood services in urban and regional Victoria. Focus groups were conducted with 35 Aboriginal parents and interviews conducted with 45 health and early childhood practitioners. Thematic analysis was used to generate and then refine distinct, internally consistent common themes from the data. Results: The most frequent issues identified were low levels of breastfeeding, inappropriate introduction of solids, reliance on bottles, sweet drinks, and energy-dense foods, poor oral health and overweight. Concerns about staff training and capacity, and access to maternal and child health services were also common. Conclusion and implication: This study identifies major gaps in service delivery for Aboriginal families with young children and points to the need for a coordinated, culturally responsive systems approach to providing support for breastfeeding and child nutrition advice and support for Aboriginal families, including capacity building for staff, and supportive systems and policy.

Using the information below, complete the citation in AMA style: January 2021 J Trace Elem Med Biol Pages 70-84 Volume 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.05.006 Issue 6 Nutritional Determinants of Macular Pigment  Herrera Juan, Lima Jean, Medeiros Alejandro, Figueiredo Hank, Andrade Raul, Ururahy Maria, Rezende Anton, Brandão-Neto Jorge, Almeida Miguel

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. ________________________________________________________________ Lutein, a carotenoid, exhibits various biological activities such as maintaining the health of the eye, skin, heart, and bone. Recently, we found that lutein has dual roles in suppressing bone resorption and promoting bone formation.  Osteoclast differentiation was assessed by coculturing primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells or culturing an osteoclast precursor cell line.  Osteoclast differentiation was significantly inhibited by lutein, astaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. In contrast, only lutein promoted osteoblastic calcified bone nodule formation. To elucidate the molecular role of lutein, we functionally analyzed the NF-κB complex, a molecule involved in bone metabolism, especially in osteoclasts. Docking simulations showed that lutein binds to IKK, thus inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. In a cell culture analysis, the phosphorylation of p65, the active form of NF-κB in osteoblasts, was suppressed by lutein treatment. In vivo, a μCT analysis of the bone microarchitecture showed that lutein improves several bone parameters while maintaining bone mass. Lutein is effective in maintaining bone mass by controlling both bone resorption and formation, which is applied to prevent disuse-induced osteoporosis.

a. Is the abstract below an example of a primary of secondary publication? If secondary, what type and how do you know? If primary, what is the research design? Explain why you identified that particular research design. b. Are there any significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) c. Are there any highly significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) ____________________________________________________________ Although artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners are widely used and generally recognized as safe by the US and European Union regulatory agencies, recent studies report that fasting plasma levels of erythritol, a commonly used sweetener, are associated with heightened incident cardiovascular disease risks. Effects of dietary erythritol on thrombosis phenotypes in humans have not been examined. We tested the impact of erythritol or glucose consumption on multiple indices of stimulus-dependent platelet responsiveness in healthy volunteers (n=10 per group). Participants ingested either 30 grams of erythritol or glucose in a beverage.  Dietary erythritol (30 g), but not glucose (30 g), lead to a >1000-fold increase in erythritol plasma concentration (P

Explain the major difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis.

Read the abstract below, then select the BEST option to describe this publication. ________________________________________________ In the last two decades, India has witnessed a dramatic rise in the consumption of packaged foods, especially among adolescents. Food labelling is often recognised as an instrumental population-based approach which can enable consumers to make informed food choices by providing all the necessary details about the food product on the packaging. In the Indian context, where adolescent obesity and the ensuing non-communicable diseases are escalating, it is crucial to understand adolescents’ views on the use of non-nutritious packaged foods and food labels. Therefore, our aim was to explore Indian adolescents’ perceptions regarding the consumption of packaged food and use of food labels. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit 29 boys and 15 girls (aged 10-19 years) from rural Varanasi, India. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted in the local language. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and translated to English. The adolescents reported frequent consumption of packaged food like potato chips, biscuits, chocolates, deep-fried Indian snacks both at school and home. Packaged foods were regarded as tasty, safe, and fresh. Brand name, date of expiry and cost were often read by the study respondents. Nevertheless, they reported difficulty in understanding other components of the label (e.g., nutrition information) and they were not aware of the negative impact of consuming unhealthy packaged foods. Nearly all the respondents insisted that food labels should be written in the local language for easy understanding. These emerging findings underscore the need to design school-based food literacy programs for vulnerable Indian adolescents to address obesity and diet-related complications in early adulthood. 

The nurse educator is educating a group of nursing students on Hepatitis B. Which of the following is true of Hepatitis B? Select all that apply.

Statistical significance is objective and quantifiable whereas clinical significance is subjective and not quantifiable.