The steady state approximation is most applicable when the intermediate in a multi-step reaction is:

The rate determining step in a chemical reaction mechanism is the:

If you left out the safranin in a Gram stain, Gram-positive cells would be _____ and Gram-negative cells would be _____.

Choose one of the following questions to answer.  Make sure to write in complete sentences and be as thorough as possible. 1.  Describe a way that microbes can compete within a biofilm.  Describe a way in which they can cooperate.  Why would an infection involving a biofilm be difficult to treat? ​​2.  How are pickles made? What factors promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria? What inhibits the growth of spoilage bacteria?  Where do the “good” lactic acid bacteria come from?

Choose one of the following questions to answer.  Make sure to write in complete sentences and be as thorough as possible. 1.  Discuss the different types of RNA and the significance of each. (What is the function of each one?) 2.  What is the difference between an acute, chronic and latent viral infection?  (Describe each one.)

Most people infected with this virus will develop a chronic infection that can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

In the US, which government agencies routinely inspect food for quality and safety?

In 2016, E. coli was isolated from chickens on a new organic farm.  The isolate contained a plasmid carrying resistance genes to six antibiotics including tetracycline, sulfonamide, and gentamicin.  It also carried genes for resistance to heavy metals and a quaternary ammonium sulfate (Quat) disinfectant.  The farm feeds the chicks GMO-free, organically raised grain and supplements the diet with zinc and copper to promote growth and reduce disease.  No antibiotics are used.  After three years of organic practice, in 2019 we would expect to find E. coli that are: 

Flu infection directly damages these cells, which can lead to secondary bacterial infections.

The production of an influenza virus containing RNA segments from both an avian and a human virus after co-infection of a pig host is an example of _______ that would cause a _______.