Taking a daily multivitamin or prenatal supplement prior to conception and during pregnancy has been associated with fewer infants who have a low birth weight. Furthermore, daily multivitamin or prenatal supplement ingestion has been associated with reduced risk of birth defects.

The RDA for vitamin D during pregnancy is 600 International Units (IU) or 15 micrograms (mcg). Because most pregnant women have suboptimal levels of vitamin D, the Endocrine Society Practice Guideline includes a daily vitamin D recommendation of 2500 IU (or about 63 mcg). Adequate vitamin D during pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of preeclampsia, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age babies, and neonatal mortality. 

A fictional government follows a fluctuating fiscal policy over a 25-year period. For the first 5 years, it runs an annual budget deficit of $10 billion, in other words, for each of those 5 years, [option1]. Over the next 10 years, its fiscal policy shifts to a surplus of $1 billion per year, i.e., [option2] for each of those 10 years. But there were two exceptions: during years 3 and 7 of the surplus period, the surplus is only $0.5 billion due to emergency spending. In the final 10 years, the government maintains a balanced budget, or [option3], but in year 4 of this period, a one-time stimulus package creates a temporary deficit of $2 billion, which is offset in year 7 by an equal surplus of $2 billion. If we assume that the government started with zero debt, the total government debt at the end of the 25-year period was of [option4], or [option5].    

According to the video you watched on Chapter 4, the presence of books in the home is associated with children doing well at school. 

According to the video you watched on Chapter 4, Jean Piaget noticed that kids of similar ages tend to make different mistakes. 

According to the video you watched on Chapter 3, the question “What Gender is the Moon?” is referencing the explanation of the Smith-Dorf hypothesis.

_______________________ is a process in which an individual is stripped of his or her former self, publicly stigmatized, and assigned a new identity.  

_____________________ is the learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members.

_________________________ are groups that reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture.

Environment is also known as nature.