The mechanism of action of metformin (Glucophage) is as:

Local anesthetics relieve pain by blocking channels in peripheral nerves.

In the figure below, Trace B1 is recorded from an cell.

Gabapentinoids reduce neurotransmitter release by modulating voltage-gated calcium channels.

Endocannabinoids like 2-AG and anandamide are released in a direction across the synapse.

In the image below Cell B is an example of an cell.

NSAIDs reduce pain by inhibiting the enzyme , which produces prostaglandins.

How do μ-opioid agonists like morphine influence the activity of RVM neurons?

Vertebral artery infusion can selectively target central opioid receptors while minimizing activation.

Which of the following best describes the role of CB1 receptors in descending pain modulation?