What is the formula for calculating a z score?  

  A student scored 85 on a test in which the mean was 75 and the standard deviation was 5. What is the student’s z score?  

  In a manufacturing plant, engineers measure the average weight of 50 randomly selected batteries to estimate the true average weight of all batteries produced. What would happen to the standard error if they increased the sample size to 200?  

  Why should researchers report effect sizes in their write-ups of statistical tests?  

  A z score of -1.5 indicates the value is  

  A study comparing two therapy methods for depression finds a statistically significant difference (p < .01) with an effect size of Cohen’s d = 0.20. What is the best interpretation?  

  A researcher is testing whether a new teaching method changes student performance compared to traditional methods. What is the most appropriate null hypothesis?  

  Which of the following is true about the standard deviation of a dataset with an extreme positive outlier?  

  Which of the following is an example of sampling bias rather than sampling error?  

  Which of the following can reduce sampling error?