While explaining the function of the first mucosal layer of the lower two-thirds (2/3) of the esophagus, the pathophysiology instructor mentions which type of functions? 

The health care provider is teaching a patient about risk factors for atherosclerosis.  Which of the following best identifies a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?

After reviewing the pathophysiology of fetal lung development the nurse practitioner knows that there is a sufficient amount of surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse and allow for survival by which week of intrauterine development?

Which of the following is not a risk factor for acute pancreatitis? 

A patient takes 650 mg of aspirin every 4 hours daily for treatment of their joint pain. Which statement should be included in the client’s teaching plan?

After having an echocardiogram your patient has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation.  Which teaching point is the correct explanation of mitral valve regurgitation?

Which of the following statements about secondary hypertension is correct?

Dehydration can affect many body systems.  As a result of dehydration the client’s epithelial cells are producing insufficient amounts of mucus. Consequently, the patients mucociliary blanket is affected. Which of the following would the care provider anticipate as a direct result?

When explaining to a patient why there was only minimal damage to their heart following a heart attack caused by a one hundred (100) percent occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, the nurse practitioner will explain that this is most likely due to:

A 72-year-old female has been told by her nurse practitioner she has a new heart murmur that requires her to go for evaluation by a cardiologist.  After an echocardiogram was completed the cardiologist informs the patient that she has aortic stenosis. The client asks the cardiologist “What does aortic stenosis mean?” Based on your knowledge you would expect the cardiologist to respond with which of the following answers: