A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands’ analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating __________.

Memories for both general facts and personal information are called __________ memories.

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

Which famous memory researcher viewed memory as a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

Astrid is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Astrid kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard, where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as __________.

At what point do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

Ella has a very generous boss who occasionally brings in gift cards for his workers. He does this for no particular reason; it is just a nice way to keep people motivated. Ella never knows when she is going to get a special bonus from her boss. Ella’s boss is reinforcing his workers according to a __________ schedule.

When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items __________ of the list.