Joseph, a collegiate athlete, needs sleep for early-morning practices, but his roommate, Greg, frequently parties late and wakes him up. After Greg ignores repeated requests for quiet, Joseph decides to report the loud dorm party because he believes that Greg knows the right thing to do and has the ability to do it. Holding Greg accountable for his actions respects Greg as a rational human being.

Robert, a high-profile athlete, has his public social media accounts monitored by the university. After he posts about skipping class, administrators secretly monitor his email and discover he has been receiving answers to tests from a tutor. Robert is placed on probation and the tutor is fired. The university justifies monitoring Robert’s email because its policies permit checking student accounts to ensure compliance with school rules. They believe following agreed-upon expectations maintains fairness.

A major problem with Social Contract Theory is:

Maya, a chemistry major, is paired with Vince for a semester-long research project. Their professor emphasizes that all results must be obtained through proper procedure, even if experiments need to be repeated multiple times. After their first few trials fail, Vince suggests they “estimate” the missing data based on online examples so they can move forward. Maya refuses because she knows that the rules for scientific experiments ensure the best outcomes overall.

According to Kant, the Means-End Principle states that humans should:

According to Smith, one partial excuse for implicit bias is

Smith thinks that one cannot be morally responsible for something without being praiseworthy or blameworthy for it.

Scanlon thinks that intentions cannot themselves be right or wrong.

According to Scanlon, people are inclined to accept the Principle of Double Effect because

According to Herman, there are some actions that