What is it about Theosophy and the idea of a spiritual realm that influenced the development of early abstraction? 

Collings says that, in general, abstract artists are trying to come up with “some kind of visual metaphor which will be rich enough for what one might call reality.” What might that mean? 

Collings tells us that Kandinsky thought that the actual materials of painting (color, shape, line, etc.) could be manipulated to affect the soul. When he says “materials,” what does he actually mean?

Kandinsky’s argument about abstract art was something like that abstract art doesn’t need to represent things because it contains everything in it’s arrangements, shapes, and colors. How did he justify that argument? 

Some art critics and historians think of Hilma af Klint’s work, based on her spiritual visions, as the first abstract artwork. Collings doesn’t come right out and say it, but he seems to think that her work is not actually art. He says that “art isn’t made just from visions.”  To his mind, what must art have?  But, he doesn’t explain what that what means. So, what does that mean? 

Early on Collings points out that “looking is something you have to get used to.” Then he compares two paintings that are each made up of abstract shapes. In one the shapes and colors work to create a sense of movement and depth of space. In the other the shapes are flat, stable, and strongly contrast with each other.  But a person can’t just look. There’s more to it than that. What else seems to be involved? 

Collings says that, in general, abstract artists are trying to come up with “some kind of visual metaphor which will be rich enough for what one might call reality.” What might that mean? 

2. Quelle langue a-t-on parlé en France après la conquête romaine ? ô  é  è  ê  à  â  ç  ï  î  ù  û  œ É  È  Ê  À    Ç  Π Ù

Quel était l’ancien nom de la France ? ô  é  è  ê  à  â  ç  ï  î  ù  û  œ É  È  Ê  À    Ç  Π Ù

3. Qui est devenu roi après que les Francs ont occupé la Gaule romaine ? ô  é  è  ê  à  â  ç  ï  î  ù  û  œ É  È  Ê  À    Ç  Π Ù