Module 2 Option A A nurse is preparing IV fluids for three different patients, each with a different medical condition that affects their fluid balance. They must select the most appropriate IV solution to ensure proper hydration and prevent complications. Patient A is suffering from severe dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea and receives an isotonic solution. Patient B has swelling in the brain (cerebral edema) and receives an hypertonic solution. Patient C has diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which has led to cellular dehydration, This patient receives an hypotonic solution.  For each patient: Predict the direction of water movement (into or out of the red blood cells) based on the solution chosen and explain whether this movement occurs through passive or active transport. Describe how this fluid shift will affect the volume and shape of the red blood cells. Explain why selecting the correct IV fluid is critical for maintaining homeostasis in each patient. Option B A patient is admitted to the hospital with severe muscle weakness and fatigue. Blood tests reveal an electrolyte imbalance, including low potassium (K⁺) levels inside muscle cells and high sodium (Na⁺) inside the cells, disrupting normal function. The doctor explains that maintaining the proper balance of potassium and sodium is essential for muscle contraction and nerve signaling, and the body also relies on oxygen and carbon dioxide movement for cellular respiration. Which type of passive transport allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to move across the muscle cell membrane, and why does this process not require energy? How do potassium and sodium ions normally move across the membrane, and how does active transport differ from passive transport in this process? Why does the sodium-potassium pump require energy, while passive transport does not?

Directions: Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 2 points. Which of the following is NOT a curvature of the vertebral column?

Directions: Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 2 points. The patient’s height should be recorded in

Define ‘Associated Reaction’  ( 2 point) Identify and define one type of an associated reaction. (2 points)  

The PT documented on the initial examination that the patient had decorticate rigidity. Upon entering the room, the PTA would expect the patient to be in which of the following postures?

Module 1 Option A One hiker gets lost in the desert during the summer and is exposed to extreme heat for several hours, while another hiker is trapped in a snowstorm for the same amount of time. Both hikers experience physiological changes as their bodies attempt to maintain a stable internal environment. Using this scenario, explain how homeostasis helps regulate body temperature in extreme conditions. In your response: Define homeostasis and describe its importance.  Identify whether body temperature regulation is an example of negative or positive feedback and explain why. Describe how the body’s physiological responses would differ between the hiker in the desert and the hiker in the snowstorm to maintain homeostasis. Option B While hiking in the mountains, David experiences different environmental conditions that challenge his body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. As he climbs to a higher altitude, he notices it becomes harder to breathe. Later, when he takes a break, he realizes he hasn’t eaten much all day and is feeling weak. As the sun begins to set, the temperature drops rapidly, and he starts shivering.  Using this scenario, explain how each of the four requirements for human life, oxygen, nutrients, temperature, and pressure, helps maintain homeostasis. In your response: Describe the role of each requirement (oxygen, nutrients, temperature, and pressure) in maintaining homeostasis. Provide specific examples from David’s experience to explain how his body responds to each challenge. Explain why maintaining balance in these conditions is essential for survival.

The following mechanical system has a moving pulley of negligible mass/inertia, a fixed pulley with inertia, J1, and a rack and pinion system. Hint: the displacement of the moving pulley will always be half the displacement of mass, m2. The pinion has an input torque Tin(t). Perform the following for this system:  a) Define a complete Free Body Diagram b) Define a complete set of state variable equations in the proper form, let the velocity of mass, m2, be one of the state variables. 

List the acronym the general public is taught to use to identify a stroke and identify the symptoms the acronym describes.  (4 points) Give the medical rationale (identify the involved area) for each of the symptoms listed in Part A. (3 points)

Which of the following best explains the role of the Circle of Willis in cerebrovascular events?  

List 2 contraindications for giving a patient with a stroke plasminogen activator (tPA).