At rest, the membrane potential of excitable cells are somewhere between -70 and -90 mV depending on the type of cells. The ionic event that generates the majority of this negative potential is:

Inflamatory agents cause the transfer of extracelluar fluid from the vascular space to the interstitial space in damaged issue areas by:

VO2 max (a “gold standard” measurement and indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness) is the biggest predictor of cardiovascular related morbidity and mortality and a leading cause of all cause mortality with aging.  Your cardiac output is the biggest contributor to VO2 max.  What is a physiological mechanism that may contribute to reduced cardiac output and VO2 max that is seen with aging?

Normal actions of growth hormone (GH) include:

Which is NOT a function performed by activated macrophages? 

Which of the following cardiovascular or renal changes would an NP expect to see in their pregnant patient?

If a host cell has been irreversibly damaged by a viral infection, the infected host cell signals cytotoxic T cells to bring its own destruction (“destroy me before the virus hurts the host”) by:

Hormone A has a half life of 70 minutes and travels in the blood exclusively in a free form. Hormone A is most likely a:

The SRY gene found on the Y chromosome promotes the development of leydig cells and sertoli cells.  The leydig cells will secrete Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) that leads to formation of the Wolffian ducts and  vas deferrans.

With physiologic release of T3 and T4, a physiology student would predict which of the following physiologic actions?