A 24 year old male with a history of intravenous drug abuse is referred to the sonography department with a history of left flank pain, fever and chills.  You perform a renal sonogram and demonstrate a complex mass containing low-level echoes and debris.  It also contains hyperechoic foci associated with ring-down artifacts.  What is the most likely explanation for these findings?

Which of the following statements is true regarding Conn’s syndrome?

Which one of the following disorders does NOT produce a complex sonographic pattern?

A 55 yo male was referred for a sonographic examination of his kidneys due to painless hematuria. Based on the sonogram, what is the most likely finding?

A thickened muscle in the pylorus that prevents food from entering the duodenum is:

Elevation of all of the following lab values is seen in renal failure except _____.

A patient presents with a history of renal disease.  The ultrasound shows bilateral kidneys measuring 8 cm.  All of the following are possible except _____.

This patient presents with edema, oliguria, and hypertension. This image is most consistent with _____.

The adrenal medulla in the neonate appears as a(n) _____.

What is the most common etiology for the findings on the sonogram?