In the revised Ames test, Bruce Ames mixed chemicals with homogenized rat liver prior to adding them to bacteria to assess their mutagenicity. What was the purpose of this step of the experiment?

Briefly describe the difference between euploid and aneuploid and indicate which is more likely observed in cancer cells.

Cell surface receptors that can create mechanical stability by tethering cells to the extracellular matrix are known as

Constant (and random) mutation diversifies alleles within the genome, thereby expanding the species gene pool. In the context of Darwinian evolution, which of the following alleles are NOT likely to expand within a species gene pool?

Delta-like is the cognate ligand for

Approximately how many protein coding genes are in the human genome? [A]

For a time, some scientists believed all forms of cancer were caused by viruses either due to infection or activation of endogenous proviruses. Which of the following correctly suggests why the virus theory began to fall apart

A gene found in a normal cells genome that can be picked up and altered by a virus to drive cellular transformation is known as a(n)

TGF-β signaling can inhibit cell entry into the cell division cycle. Describe a mechanism by which mitogen signaling through the PI3K/AKT pathway can counteract the inhibitory effects of TGF-β. Be sure to include the factors involved and the specific events that occur in your answer.

Which of the following mechanisms is LEAST likely to contribute to tumorigenesis driven by the myc oncogene?