The English Bill of Rights of 1689 guaranteed that

Nguyen – Autoimmunity My exam tips:  A brief answer is two to three sentences in your answer. There may be more than one correct answer to my question. I am looking for how you best articulate your reasoning to support the answer.  (A)  Pick ONE of your favorite T cell types. Briefly describe how self-tolerance breakdown in central and peripheral tolerance can lead to autoimmunity (5 points).  (B)  Briefly describe the similarities and differences between molecular mimicry and bystander activation. (5 points)

Bayer – Evasion & Subversion of Immune Defenses (A)  Provide five examples that compare and contrast the immune response to extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and viruses. (5 points) (B)  Pathogens employ strategies to evade or interfere with the host’s immune response, ultimately allowing them to establish and persist within the host. Briefly define three strategies that pathogens employ to evade the immune system. (3 points) (C)  Briefly describe an effective treatment strategy to stimulate a person’s immune system to produce strong immunity against a latent viral infection. (8 points) The immune response within the tumor microenvironment resembles either tumor elimination or tumor escape. (D)  In the elimination microenvironment, briefly define an immune cell type, their mode-of-action, and how the tumor itself plays a role in immune recognition. (3 points) (E)  In the escape microenvironment, briefly define an immune cell type, their mode-of-action and how the tumor itself plays a role in avoiding immune recognition. (3 points)

Briefly discuss the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination in Translation.

Nguyen – Autoimmunity Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues and organs.  This results in widespread inflammation and tissue damage in affected organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other parts of the body.  Recent observations have suggested a potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the onset or exacerbation of lupus in certain individuals.  One hypothesis for this association is molecular mimicry.  Design detailed experiments to investigate whether molecular mimicry is the principal mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the development of lupus.  Your experimental framework should include plans for both mouse models and human subjects. 

A section of DNA has the base sequence shown in #1. A mutation in this DNA strand results in the base sequence shown in #2. What type of mutation does this change represent (missense mutation, point mutation, silent mutation, or frameshift mutation? Support your answer by providing a brief definition of each of the types of mutations. #1   5′ – AGCGTTACCGT-3′      #2  5′-AGGCGTTACCGT-3′

Briefly discuss the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination in Transcription.

After obtaining the client’s GTPAL score, you want to determine the client’s anticipated due date using Naegele’s Rule.  The client states that their last menstrual period was on January 15th, 2025.  What date do you determine to be the client’s due date?

Which of the following statements about compound refrigeration systems is not true?

A multiple-compressor system used for modulating refrigeration ____.