Proteins that are fully translated in the cytosol and lack a sorting signal will end up in the  

  During stage 2 of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is powered by movement of __________ ions through the __________.  

  If a cell in anaerobic conditions were unable to ferment and therefore unable to convert pyruvate to lactate or ethanol, which of the following best explains why simply discarding pyruvate as a waste product is not an option?  

  In step 4 of the citric acid cycle, the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is coupled to the generation of CO2 and the formation of a high-energy thioester bond. The energy of the thioester bond is harnessed in step 5. The energy is used to generate a  

  The mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of several different protein subunits. Which subunit binds to ADP + Pi and catalyzes the synthesis of ATP as a result of a conformational change?  

7. Find the x-intercepts and y-intercepts. Make sure to label your answers and write them as ordered pairs.  

  The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP. The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen. Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O2 is removed. Explain this observation.  

8. Find the domain and range of the function. Write your answers in interval notation.  

  Which of the following statements about a protein in the lumen of the ER is FALSE?  

  Glycoproteins possess a diverse array of oligosaccharide modifications. Which of the following is a true statement about how this diversity is achieved?