A 30-year-old female patient presents with a complaint of rectal pain that has been going on for about a week. She says she has lost 4 pounds (2 kg) over the past four weeks, has a low-grade fever, and has noticed a foul discharge in her undergarments. She also complains of vague abdominal pain and anorexia. The patient has no significant PMH.  She has no allergies. She has never had surgery before. A physical exam reveals a visibly distressed female with tenderness in the anal area. Examination is performed under anesthesia and reveals multiple fistulous tracts just above the dentate line. She has frank pus extruding in the anal canal. Which of the following statements about this condition is true?

A 45-year-old male is admitted to the medical floor of a hospital with complaints of increasing jaundice, swollen legs, and episodes of disorientation for the last several weeks. His abdomen is distended, and he looks ill. According to the family, the patient has a long history of alcohol abuse and has recently been diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver. On examination, he has a temperature of 99˚, BP 100/72 mm Hg, HR 86/minute. Sclerae are icteric, and he has 2+ pitting pedal edema. Lungs are clear, and heart sounds are normal. Abdomen is distended with moderate ascites, caput medusae, and no tenderness. Liver and spleen are not palpable. He is awake but drowsy and oriented to person and place but not to time. He does have a fine tremor in his hands. Labs show WBC 8,000 platelets 100,000, Hgb 12, AST 76 U/L, ALT 56 U/L, AP 62 U/L, and ammonia is 124 mg/dL.  At this time, which of the following interventions is most important, to avoid full decompensation into hepatic encephalopathy?

The accompanying image is showing the pterygopalatine ganglion at the tip of the probe.  Which cranial nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that will synapse in this ganglion?

A medical student on their pediatric clerkship arrives to clinic. Their first patient of the day is an exasperated mother bringing in her 2-year-old daughter for a yearly wellness check. After taking a thorough history, the third-year medical student notices that the child is still wearing pull-up diapers and asks the mother about toilet training. The mother says that she has tried to train her daughter, but that the child repeatedly poops her pants before reaching the bathroom. The third-year medical student recalls the physiological control mechanism of defecation and knows that the child needs to learn to voluntarily control which nerve and muscle?

All of the following statements are characteristics of parasympathetic efferent pathways EXCEPT:

The enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for all of the following, EXCEPT:

The accompanying image is showing the submandibular ganglion at the tip of the arrow.  Which cranial nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that will synapse in this ganglion?

What is the average respiratory rate under resting conditions

What effect does rebreathing (bag breathing) have on the body’s carbon dioxide levels

After 90 seconds of hyperventilation, you are able to hold your breath for an extended period. What category of hypoxia would this result in