A 42 year old woman who works as a cashier at Walmart, presents with low back pain for the past month. There is no history of trauma.  She says the pain averages about 6 out of 10 but is relieved on her days off and worse when she works.  It feels like a band of pain across her lower back that radiates down into both her thighs.  Her toes feel “strange” and almost numb.  She has no history of drug or alcohol abuse or of serious systemic illness, but does report loosing ten pounds without dieting this last month.  She denies loss of bowel or bladder control.  On physical exam you find her to be stiff, with limited range of motion of the spine.  Inspection is normal.  Palpation of the spine reveals tenderness around the L4 and L5 vertebrae. There is no motor weakness, sensory is symmetric and equal, gait is guarded and slow but balanced, and deep tendon reflexes are diminished (1+) but symmetric.  After taking the history and doing the physical exam which feature is a “red flag” and should be most concerning to you?

A 72-year-old female is brought to your ER via ambulance following a slip and fall on ice. She is C/O pain to the right hip. PE shows the right leg to be approx. 1 inch shorter than the left and is held externally rotated and slightly abducted. Treatment for this patient should be:

You have your patient lie supine on the exam table and place her right foot across her left knee. While stabilizing the pelvis on the left ASIS you press down on the right knee. What test are you performing and what would a positive test indicate?

Match each media type to its selective and differential properties.

Glucose fermentation tests were correctly performed on several bacteria and the results appear in the photo below.  Which statement is true about Pseudomonas aeruginosa? 

What is the primary purpose of selective media? 

Refer to the following flowchart to answer the question. An unknown species ferments glucose with gas production and does not need Na+ for growth. Select all of the following necessary tests required to narrow down the identity of the unknown species. 

Which best explains why the catalase test is considered an indirect measure of oxygen tolerance in bacteria?

Glucose fermentation tests were correctly performed on several bacteria and the results appear in the photo below.  Which statement is true about Shigella sonnei? 

A student runs both MR and VP tests on a bacterial sample and gets the following results. What conclusion can be made about this organism?