From oldest to youngest, the periods of the Cenozoic are:

Animals of the Pleistocene tended to be ____ than present day animals.

Placental and marsupial mammals differ from monotremes in that ____.

Astronomers use many different methods to determine distances to objects in our cosmos.  Put the objects in order from method used for the farthest objects (1) to closest (4). 

Evaluating Entailment Statements Say whether the following entailment statement is true or false.  If the statement is false, then come up with a counter example to it that demonstrates that it is false.   A person works hard –> he or she retires with a lot of money.

During periods of glaciation, sea level rises.

The following is the equation sheet you will need for the math questions on this exam.  Please only use the Unit 3 equations, constants, and conversions as discussed in lecture. As a scientist, lucky to still have a job at JWST, you are studying all kinds of galaxies. Your task is to figure out how fast (in km/s) a new galaxy is moving if it has a known location of `d` million light years away. Please see and comply with the input instructions below: Input Instructions:  Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.  As I have already generously provided the final units, do not type any words or letters in your answer.  Use standard comma placement, when necessary instead of E or scientific notation.  For example:  1,234.  

Let’s say in the previous question, you calculated your redshift to be `z`.  What was the temperature of the Universe when the light first left that galaxy? See input instructions. Input Instructions:  Round your answer to three decimal places (2.145).  As I assume we all know temperature units by this point, you do not need to include them or any letters or words in your numerical answer.  No E or scientific notation, and use standard comma placement if necessary. 

One of the molecular markers we look for in galaxies is carbon monoxide, typically found at 1560nm.  But, true to form, your galaxy is different!  That marker is detected at `l`nm! What could that mean?  Time to find out!  Calculate the redshift of this galaxy, following these input instructions: Input Instructions:  Round your answer to three decimal places (1.012).  Do not include any letters, words, E, or scientific notation in your answer.  

The Universe is expanding, and the expansion is __________ thanks to __________.