Young children are more likely to be “morning larks” than young adults.

Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____________.

With regard to sleep and arousal, histamines ___________________while the release of orexin _____________________.

Conductive deafness is primarily a problem with the auditory nerve.

Like flushing a toilet, the cascade of events associated with generating an action potential is all-or-none. Similarly, following a flush or action potential there is a time period that must occur before another is generated. The time period during the depolarization and repolarization phases is referred to as the ____________ while the time period during the hyperpolarization phase is referred to as the ___________.

Short answer essay, answer one of the following questions that you have not yet responded to [5 points each]: Describe what the concentration gradient and the voltage gradient are and then discuss how they contribute to generating an action potential (2 points for each accurate description; 1 free-floating point). Describe the events of the action potential from rest, through the action potential, and back to rest. In addition, discuss the relative charge (compared to resting voltage) of the membrane for each step (.5 points for each step and .5 points for each correct voltage with 1 free-floating point). List and describe the five stages of chemical communication, following chemical synthesis and storage, which occur at the synapse (1 point for each component). Describe the characteristics of sound waves associated with how we distinguish pitch (2 points), then describe the two theories we discussed for explaining how we code pitch, describing which type of pitches they are best at explaining (2 points). Describe Lashley’s attempt at finding the engram for learning (2 points). In addition, list and define the two principles he proposed associated with learning (1 point for each principle; 1 free-floating point). When concerning drug addiction, tolerance, and overdose we discussed a learning approach to explaining how overdose is likely to occur when an individual administers their substance of abuse in a different context. Using the classical conditioning framework, describe how tolerance occurs over time (2 points) and why context is an important factor in many overdose cases (2 points; 1 free-floating point).

In the Office example, Jim repeatedly presents Dwight with the sound of the computer shutting down, immediately followed by a breath mint. Gradually the sound leads to Dwight extending his hand in anticipation of the mint. Dwight extending his hand to the computer’s sound in this example is the _____________.

A non-uniform image receptor will demonstrate areas of:

A test pattern is displayed on a PACS monitor displaying several line-pair combinations. This display pattern is used to evaluate what aspect of the display monitor?

Suppose 1 U.S. dollar can be traded on the foreign exchange market for 1.5 Brazilian reals, 1.25 Swiss franc, or 0.75 British pound.  a.   How many dollars can 1 British pound purchase? (4 points) b.   If the Brazilian real depreciates by 0.10 reals, how many dollars can 1 Brazilian real purchase? (4 points) c.   Everything else held constant, if U.S. demand for Swiss chocolate increased what would we expect to happen to the Swiss franc in the long run? (2 points) Answer parts a, b, and c in the space provided. Show your work for parts a and b (i.e. 1 + 2 = 3; 2/4 = 0.5).