In plants, the action potentials are mediated by the movement of _________ ions across the cell membrane. 

A physical therapist assistant prepares to apply a hot pack to the low back of a patient diagnosed with degenerative disk disease. When inspecting the patient’s skin the PTA identifies several blisters on the patient’s right side. The patient indicated they were cause by heat from a hot pack applied during the previous treatment session. The patient indicates he was hesitant to tell the PTA that the heat was too intense. The MOST appropriate action is to to:

A patient is receiving a paraffin treatment, using the dip and wrap technique. Which of the following means of heat exchange is occurring through this intervention?

Which of the following statements best explains why the presence of thick adipose tissue tends to hinder decreases in deeper tissue temperature when cryotherapy is applied to the skin?

When heating 2 objects by conduction, the greater the temperature difference the greater the heating effect.

A patient with an acute ankle sprain is being treated with ultrasound. The ultrasound is being applied by immersing the foot and ankle into water. Which of the following parameter settings would be most appropriate for treating this patient’s ankle?

The optimal area of ultrasound heating is 4 to 5 times the effective radiating area.

Which of the following statements best explains why the soundhead should be continuously moved during ultrasound treatments?

Which of the following physiological responses is an advantage of using heat rather than cold for patient interventions?

A physical therapist assistant uses ultrasound to heat tissues at a depth of approximately four centimeters. Which of the following ultrasound parameters would influence the depth of tissue heating MOST?