________________ is defined as the amount of blood that is in the ventricles before the heart contracts 

Carter is a 21 year old who is diagnosed with Schizophrenia. His history includes significant turmoil as a child and adolescent. Careter reports his father was abusive and routinely beat him, all of his siblings, and his mom. Carter’s early exposure to stress most likely:

Which of the following NIV modes is patient triggered and provides a back-up timed rate should apnea occur?

A 3-year-old child with spinal muscle atrophy (SMA) is receiving noninvasive ventilation by oronasal mask with an inspiratory pressure of 10 cm H2O and an expiratory pressure of 4 cm H2O. The respiratory therapist notes that the child’s respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute, but the child is receiving 32 assisted breaths per minute. Which of the following should the respiratory therapist do?

A respiratory therapist evaluated the arterial blood gas of a child with respiratory distress who is receiving non-invasive ventilation. The child’s blood gas is as follows: pH: 7.30 pCO2: 52 mm Hg pO2: 56 mm Hg SpO2: 88% HCO3: 22.7 mm/L BE: –1.1. Which of the following should the respiratory therapist recommend?

Which of the following conditions contributes to patient-ventilator asynchrony in a neonate receiving NIV?

The respiratory therapist is evaluating a preterm infant who is receiving NIV with a nasal mask. An intermittent leak of 29% is noted. During an assessment, the respiratory therapist notes the ventilator is still delivering inspiratory flow as the infant is trying to exhale. Which of the following should the respiratory therapist do?

A respiratory therapist is reviewing the medical record of a preterm infant born at 30 weeks’ gestation presenting with respiratory distress. The chest radiograph (CXR) shows a ground-glass appearance of the lungs. The following data are available: Heart rate: 130 beats/minute Respiratory rate: 72 breaths/minute FIO2: 0.60 by nasal cannula at 1 L/minute Arterial blood gases are as follows: pH: 7.28 pCO2: 50 mm Hg pO2: 56 mm Hg SpO2: 88% HCO3: 22.7 mEq/L BE: –3.2. Which of the following should the respiratory therapist do?

For which of the following conditions can spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus be immediately life-threatening?

An asthmatic child receiving 80:20 Heliox at a liter flow of 10 LPM is actually receiving a total flow of: