Which of the following statements best describes the PDSA cycle in the context of pharmacy practice?

A healthcare professional notices an adverse drug reaction in a patient and considers reporting it to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for monitoring and analysis. Which of the following adverse drug reactions should be reported to the MHRA?

You are working in a community pharmacy and a parent comes in with a prescription for their 2-year-old child for flucloxacillin 125mg/5ml oral solution sugar-free (7-day course). They tell you that their child has cellulitis, and they are anxious to give them the first dose as quickly as possible. You do not have the sugar-free version in stock as there is currently a national shortage. What is the MOST APPROPRIATE course of action?

A 45-year-old patient (BMI 17kg/m2) with endocarditis requires intravenous gentamicin. Which parameter should be used to calculate the dose to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize the risk of toxicity?

Which statement best distinguishes between Clinical Audit and Research in healthcare settings?

Which incident would be classed as a Never Event, as defined by NHS Improvement?

As part of the investigation, the team review the human factors that contributed to the medication incident. It is found that the prescribing doctor did not know that methotrexate is usually once weekly and had not noticed the different frequency on the label; they assumed it was once daily because this is a more familiar dosing frequency. Which error type has occurred in this situation?

A 78-year-old patient has presented to the community pharmacy with a prescription for ondansetron 4mg three times a day for nausea and vomiting. You decide to contact the GP to discuss your concerns around taking ondansetron alongside which of his regular medications?

A 44-year-old patient is initiated on ciclosporin for severe psoriasis. Which of the following would NOT be required as part of baseline monitoring?

Which would be the MOST APPROPRIATE tool to use to investigate the incident?