In this country, probation began with the innovative work of Jeremy Bentham, an English boot-maker, who was the first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the London Police Court in 1841.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors that influence judges’ sentencing decisions?​

​Correctional practices, especially the use of the penitentiary, developed similarly across the United States.

​Incarceration, in the tradition of the early English workhouse, developed in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolutionary War.

​Benefit of clergy was extended to:

Correctional officials have exclusive control over the intake of new offenders.​

​Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?

​ The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.

One impact of sentencing guidelines is that sentencing discretion has shifted from the prosecutor to the judge.​

​The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was: