What are the two easiest ways to reduce deflections?

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 18 in., h = 22 in., d = 19.5 in., and L = 21 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 1.4125 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 0.8 kips/ft. The concrete is normal-weight concrete. The beam is reinforced with 2 No. 5 bars. The concrete strength is 9,100 psi, and the yield strength of the reinforcement is 60,000 psi. Determine the maximum applied bending moment due to the combined service loads (dead plus live), Ma.      

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 16 in., h = 28 in., d = 25.5 in., and L = 17 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 2.166667 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 0.8 kips/ft. The concrete is normal-weight concrete. The beam is reinforced with 3 No. 6 bars. The concrete strength is 5,800 psi, and the yield strength of the reinforcement is 60,000 psi. Determine the maximum applied bending moment due to the combined service loads (dead plus live), Ma.      

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 18 in., h = 24 in., and d = 21.5 in. It is reinforced with five No. 6 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 4,300 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the cracking moment, Mcr.

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 18 in., h = 30 in., d = 27.5 in., and L = 24 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 1.7625 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 1.4 kips/ft. The concrete is normal-weight concrete. The beam is reinforced with 5 No. 8 bars. The concrete strength is 5,800 psi, and the yield strength of the reinforcement is 60,000 psi. Determine the maximum applied bending moment due to the combined service loads (dead plus live), Ma.      

Under sustained loads, concrete undergoes creep strains.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 16 in., h = 30 in., and d = 27.5 in. It is reinforced with five No. 8 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 6,700 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the transformed cross-sectional area of the bars, Ast.

Use the interaction diagrams found in Appendix A of the textbook to determine whether the following rectangular tied column with bars in 2 faces can safely support a load of Pu = 720 kip and Mu = 360.0 kip-ft.b = 18 in.h = 20 in.fc’ = 4 ksify = 60 ksiγ = 0.6ρg = 0.05

Reinforced concrete structures normally crack when carrying service loads.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 16 in., h = 26 in., and d = 23.5 in. It is reinforced with three No. 8 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 4,000 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the gross moment of inertia, Ig, for the beam.