Spiral column reinforcement restrains the _______ expansion, making a column more _______.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 14 in., h = 30 in., and d = 27.5 in. It is reinforced with two No. 5 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 4,000 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the modulus of rupture of the concrete, fr.

Deflections greater than about L/480 of the span are generally visible for simple or continuous beams.

Determine the maximum axial strength φPn,max for the following tied column.Column width, b = 26 in.Column thickness, h = 28 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 8Size of longitudinal bars = No. 9Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 5,500 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi

Determine the required splice length for the galvanized longitudinal bars in the following tied column made of lightweight concrete. Assume that some of the longitudinal bars are in tension and that the connection should be designed as a Class B contact lap splice. Use ACI 318-14 Table 25.4.2.2 to calculate the development length, and assume that the ties satisfy the Code minimum.Column width, b = 22 in.Column thickness, h = 20 in.Clear cover to ties = 1.5 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 4Size of longitudinal bars = No. 8Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 7,500 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi

The result of spacing ties more closely together is _______ lateral resistance and _______ danger of buckling.

Spirals are normally made from Grade-_____ steel.

ACI 318-14 Section 25.2.3 requires distance between longitudinal bars not be less than _______.

When a column is under compression, the column shortens and expands laterally.

Weakening of concrete near the top of a column is due to upward migration of water in the fresh concrete.