The result of spacing ties further apart is _______ lateral resistance and _______ danger of buckling.

People exercising can cause vibration problems in buildings.

In small buildings, concrete strength in the columns is often higher than that in the floors.

Determine the maximum axial strength φPn,max for the following circular spiral column.Column diameter, h = 24 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 16Size of longitudinal bars = No. 8Size of spirals = No. 3Concrete strength = 2,500 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of spirals = 60,000 psi

Determine the required splice length for the epoxy-coated longitudinal bars in the following tied column made of lightweight concrete. Assume that some of the longitudinal bars are in tension and that the connection should be designed as a Class B contact lap splice. Use ACI 318-14 Table 25.4.2.2 to calculate the development length, and assume that the ties satisfy the Code minimum.Column width, b = 22 in.Column thickness, h = 18 in.Clear cover to ties = 1.5 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 14Size of longitudinal bars = No. 7Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 7,500 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi

Spiral reinforcement acts to restrain the _______ of the column core under high axial loads.

Determine the maximum pitch, s, for the spirals in the following circular column.Column diameter, h = 18 in.Clear cover to spirals = 1.5 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 6Size of longitudinal bars = No. 10Size of spiral = No. 4Concrete strength = 8,000 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of spiral = 60,000 psi

Tied columns may be any shape required.

Over _____ percent of all columns in buildings in nonseismic regions are tied columns.

Misalignment of the reinforcement can cause eccentricities in columns.