“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following developments most strongly contradicted the ideas expressed in Jefferson’s statement?

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following was the most direct result of the ideas expressed in the quotes above?

“If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.  So if a law be in opposition to the constitution…the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature”                                                                            Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803   “The government of the US, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land.  Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation.  But there is no phrase in the instrument which excludes implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described…[A constitution’s] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.”                                                                       Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819   South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification most directly challenged which of the following ideas from McCulloch v. Maryland?    

“Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural…Those who benefited most from the market revolution –merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmer, along with their families — faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors.”             -Sean Wilentz, historian, “Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848,” published in 1997.   Which of the following historical developments contributed most directly to the market revolution?  

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon…. He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.” Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005   The goals of Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?  

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.” Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007   The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

“If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.  So if a law be in opposition to the constitution…the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature”                                                                            Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803   “The government of the US, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land.  Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation.  But there is no phrase in the instrument which excludes implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described…[A constitution’s] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.”                                                                       Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819   Marshall’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison would most directly lead to:  

“All red men have equal rights to the unoccupied land. The right of occupancy is as good in one place as in another. There cannot be two occupations in the same place. The first excludes all others. It is not so in hunting or traveling; for there the same ground will serve many, as they may follow each other all day. But the camp is stationary, and that is occupancy. It belongs to the first who sits down on his blanket or skins which he has thrown upon the ground; and till he leaves it no other has a right.”                                   Tecumseh to Governor William H. Harrison at Vincennes, August 12, 1810   The preceding passage best illustrates which of the following statements describing the view of Native Americans in North America concerning property?

“Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural…Those who benefited most from the market revolution –merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmer, along with their families — faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors.”             -Sean Wilentz, historian, “Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848,” published in 1997.   Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following was most supportive of the ideas expressed by Hamilton?