Solve the equation.  Express your answer as a fraction.  

A researcher lyses (breaks open) a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).  The cell contents are left in a covered test tube overnight.  The next day, this mixture is sprayed onto tobacco plants.  What would you expect to happen to the plants that were sprayed with the mixture?

Briefly discuss the lac operon.  What is the function of this operon?  Is this an inducible or repressible operon?  Is it normally active or inactive – explain why?  Is there a repressor, co-repressor, inducer, or co-inducer (if so, what is it)? [2.5 pts]

Following a procedure to biopsy axillary lymph nodes, a woman complains of arm “weakness”.  Physical examination reveals that she is unable to abduct the affected arm beyond 90 degrees, and that her scapula “wings” when she is asked to lean against the wall while supporting herself with her hands. Which one of the following structures was most likely damaged during the biopsy procedure?

What is produced in linear electron flow?  What is produced in cyclic electron flow? [1 pt]

A patient complains of difficulty breathing. During a physical examination including lung auscultation, you notice the presence of expiratory wheezing. You make a diagnosis of asthma, and attempt to cause bronchodilation by administering a drug that mimics the action of which of the following?

A newborn presents with a cleft in the lip on the lateral edge of the philtrum and extending into the palate to the incisive foramen. This cleft is most likely due to lack of fusion between the:

Which one of the following structures contains postganglionic motor (GVE) fibers?

Following recovery from an infection, a patient complains of “dry eye” in his right eye. Physical examination reveals that his eye appears dry, bloodshot and inflamed. You conclude that the right lacrimal gland is not secreting tears normally . Which one of the following nerves is most likely impaired in this patient?

A 45-year-old female presents complaining of neck pain and stiffness. Physical exam reveals signs consistent with a diagnosis of torticollis (wry neck). The midline of her chin deviates superiorly and to the left side, and she has difficulty moving it from this position. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s wry neck?