What is the most parsimonious solution to a stegosaur’s problem with having disproportionately long back legs (as compared to its front legs)?

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding the basic characteristics of ornithopods?

Which of the following is incorrect about Pachycephalosauria.

There are two clades within the group ankylosauria: Ankylosauridae and Nodosauridae. Nodosaurs can be diagnosed by the distinctive acromial process (large knob of bone on the shoulder blade) and parascapular spines (shoulder spines). Below, label the nodosaurid and the ankylosaurid:

Bonus question: Why are Sauropods so fascinating?  Tell me at least 3 unique features.  (If you think Sauropods are lame, tell me at least 3 reasons why they suck.)

There are many signs in bonebed discoveries that hint at the establishment of parental care. In the case of ornithopods, which is NOT one of them?

What is shown on this picture (pointed by white arrows) ?

The picture below shows the morphological change in Triceratops through growth.  1) Describe their morphological changes using your own words, and 2) do these changes potentially raise difficulty in paleontological research?

Tyrannosauroidae include basal members (e.g. Eotyrannus, Dilong, and Aviatyrannis) and more advanced clade Tyrannosauridae (which includes Tyrannosaurus rex).  Discuss the key differences between the basal members and Tyrannosauridae, and talk about their evolutionary trend.

What will be the value of z after the following statements have been executed?