Rust occupies _______ times as much volume as the source metals.

The fatigue strength of concrete is not sensitive to stress concentrations.

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 16 in., h = 28 in., d = 25.5 in., and L = 19 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 1.666667 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 0.8 kips/ft. The beam is reinforced with three No. 5 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 2,800 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the effective moment of inertia, Ie.The cracked moment Mcr = 69.14 kip-ft, and the maximum applied bending moment due to the combined service loads (dead plus live) Ma = 111.3 kip-ft. The neutral axis location of the cracked beam (measured from the top of the beam) is 4.809 in.

Compute the maximum bar spacing, s, to control for cracks in a one-way slab with 2 in. of clear cover and f​y​ = 52 ksi.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 16 in., h = 26 in., and d = 23.5 in. It is reinforced with two No. 5 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 3,400 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the transformed cross-sectional area of the bars, Ast.

An elastic calculation gives a good estimate of the concrete and steel stresses at working loads.

Compute the maximum bar spacing, s, to control for cracks in a one-way slab with 2.5 in. of clear cover and f​y​ = 54 ksi.

Creep decreases the stress in the tension steel.

At service loads, the reinforcing steel is in the elastic range of behavior.

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 18 in., h = 22 in., d = 19.5 in., and L = 19 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 1.7125 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 1.1 kips/ft. The beam is reinforced with two No. 6 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 2,800 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the effective moment of inertia, Ie.The cracked moment Mcr = 48.02 kip-ft, and the maximum applied bending moment due to the combined service loads (dead plus live) Ma = 126.9 kip-ft. The neutral axis location of the cracked beam (measured from the top of the beam) is 3.8373 in.