Virus mediated delivery of recombinant nucleic acids to plants termed  VOX, VIGS or VIGE are very useful to explore candidate genes for traits that can be phenotyped in leaves.  A. (3) Define  VOX, VIGS and VIGE B. (2) What are the benefits of VIGS and VIGE compare to conventional stable plant transformation (using Agrobacterium or biolistics)? C. (4) What are the limitations for widespread application of VOX, VIGS or VIGE for functional genomics?   

Genomic selection is a breeding technique that uses genetic markers spread across the entire genome to predict the breeding value of individuals.  A (4) Briefly describe 4 key elements of the genomic selection process/approach B. (2) List 4 main advantages of genomic selection compared to conventional plant breeding C (6) Briefly describe 6 key factors that influence the accuracy of genomic selection in plant breeding

What is the term for a large collection of fluid in the pericardial sac that compresses the underlying structures?

Below is terminology referring to the heart. Match the item with correct definition.

During ventricular diastole:

Your goal is to optimize a tissue culture protocol for the production of embryogenic calli with high plant regeneration potential from a new potential biofuel crop: A. (8) List 4 factors beside culture medium components and aseptic conditions which will likely determine the tissue culture response. B. (2) Explain what is totipoteny in tissue culture. C. (2)  How do you to direct the culture response to undifferentiated (callus) or differentiated (plant regeneration) growth. D. (4) Describe two approaches/types of treatments that can minimize the occurrence of genetic variation in tissue culture?  E. (12) Describe 8 steps/treatments that prevent contaminations in tissue cultures.

An ectopic beat can be described as:

In the upright lung of a normal healthy adult, which zone is considered the most gravity dependent?

The __________ is considered the “backup pacemaker” with a firing rate of 40 to 60 times/min:

What effect will stimulation of sympathetic neural fibers have on heart rate and excitability?