(10 points) Tetanus toxin enters the output regions of motor neurons by endocytosis. The resulting vesicles are transported toward the neuronal cell body on [a] by the [b] end directed motor protein, called [c]. When the vesicle reaches the motor neuron cell body, it is released from this neuron by exocytosis and taken up by endocytosis into inhibitory interneurons. In these interneurons, tetanus toxin destroys VAMP (synaptobrevin), which has alpha helices that span the membrane of [d]. The destruction of VAMP prevents it from winding together with the transmembrane protein [e] and the membrane-associated protein [f] to form the [g] complex. This prevents release of neurotransmitter from the output region of this interneuron and ultimately prevents the opening of [h] channels (be specific for ion type) in the postsynaptic cell. Despite the destruction of VAMP, Ca2+ still enters the cell through [i] calcium channels and binds to [j] on the vesicle membrane.

An antibody to the major protein in myelin called myelin basic protein would mostly bind in the:

Where in the accompanying diagram would the predominant open channels be voltage-gated K+ channels?    

(10 points) In [a] muscle, which lacks obvious [b], Ca2+ enters the cell through [c] Ca2+ channels and binds to [d] on the SR to increase intracellular Ca2+. These ions then bind to [e], an evolutionary ancestor of troponin C, which activates [f]. This enzyme then phosphorylates one of the two [g] attached to myosin. This phosphorylation changes the position of the [h] so that it can reach the thin filament which is made of polymerized [i]. Contraction in this muscle type ends when an enzyme called a [j] removes the phosphate group that had been added to the answer in Blank #7.

Destroying neurons in the dorsal (posterior) root ganglia would immediately kill:

What effect(s) would increased postsynaptic inhibition have on EPSPs?

Somatic efferent neurons receive synaptic input in the:

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. You would expect to find these antibodies bound on the:

In an apparent assassination attempt in March 2018, Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were found unconscious on a park bench in Salisbury, England. On June 30, 2018, Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess fell ill in a nearby town. The cause in both cases was cetylcholinesterase poisoning by Novichok. This nerve agent, which was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970’s, permanently inactivates the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.  Following the initial effects of Novichok, the ligand-gated ionotropic channels become desensitized so that:

Upper motor neurons release neurotransmitter onto the input region of neurons in the: