QUESTION 4                                                                                                               (15 marks)Pharmaceutical waste has a negative impact on already limited healthcare resources as well as detrimental effects on the environment. Another major concern from this waste is that patients may not be experiencing the intended outcomes of their prescribed treatment. As a pharmacy manager, one of your responsibilities is to help reduce and prevent the generation of pharmaceutical waste. It is important to identify the root causes and thereafter develop interventions to prevent the accumulation of pharmaceutical waste. 4.1 Describe factors that contribute to pharmaceutical waste. (5)4.2 Suggest possible interventions to mitigate these factors. (5)4.3 Briefly outline the legal framework governing the disposal of pharmaceutical waste in South Africa. (5)

An ICER is calculated by dividing the difference in total costs by the difference in the chosen measure of health outcome or effect to provide a ratio of ‘extra cost per extra unit of health effect’ for the more expensive therapy vs the alternative.

ABC analysis is a useful tool to scrutinise the use of a single pharmaceutical product over a set period of time.

B (10 MARKS )CLOSED BOOK: ANSWER THIS SECTION ON THE QUESTION PAPERState whether the following answers are true or false.         Terms of Reference (TOR) for Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committees (PTC) are only mandatory at provincial and district levels.                       

 Regarding the destruction of medicines, encapsulation involves

Which of the following best represents a direct nonmedical cost? 

 Which of the following is NOT a type of pharmaceutical waste associated with patient factors?

Special conditions for pharmaceutical contracts DO NOT include the following:

A well-managed distribution system 

The following are uses of a budget impact analysis, EXCEPT: