Notothenioids are an odd case in nature. They have ditched two oxygen-carrying proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin) that have been around 500 million years and they appear to be doing just fine. They really burned their bridges. They may have painted themselves in an evolutionary corner. What are their chances of survival if the Southern Ocean warms?

Name the molecule indicated. It prevents notothenioids from freezing solid in the Antarctica ocean.  

What food source, sometimes called liquid meat, consists of mainly protein and water, is packed with iron, vitamin D, and other nutrients, and makes up to 11% of a vertebrate animal’s body?

The University of Illinois team, Chi-Hing Cheng, Arthur DeVries, and Liangbao Chen, discovered the ancestral gene for __________ in notothenioids.

Based on the DNA record, which is the correct order of steps in the pathway of Antarctic icefish evolution. 1. Loss of erythrocytes and hemoglobin 2. Loss of myoglobin 3. Invention of antifreeze glycoprotein and cold-stable tubulin    

In 1954, Johan Rund published his findings in the scientific journal Nature. It was the first report of ___________ lacking hemoglobin in their blood.

How did Johan Rund first hear about bloodless fish living in the Southern Ocean in 1929?

What molecule found in the sera of notothenioids is a polypeptide composed of repeats of three amino acids: threonine, alanine, and alanine–with a disaccharide attached to the threonine?  

Bruce Sidell (University of Maine) and his colleagues examined the myoglobin gene in icefish with pale hearts. Which of the following is correct about their findings? Mark all that apply.

Who discovered that the sera of several notothenioids froze at temperatures (-2.0 – 2.1 C) well below the freezing point of temperate fish (0.8 C)?