When ions move across the cell membrane, an electrochemical potential energy change results. Neurons take advantage of this to pickup sensory information and stimulate skeletal muscle movement, e.g., when you grab your pen to write, your brain uses sensory feedback from your fingers to modulate and refine movement of the skeletal muscles that control them. With that, which type of gated channel is operating most proximately (initially) in this pathway to allow sensory neuronal signaling to the brain?

The VOR (vestibulocochlear reflex) occurs when our eyes try to stabilize our focus during movement and do so via which three cranial nerves (remember the spinning we did in lab)? Hint: recall the cranial nerves that innervate the extraocular (extrinsic) eye muscles, not the cranial nerve involved in phototransduction. 

True or False: The primary roles of our phospholipids are to fill the potentially permeable spaces in a cell membrane’s lipid bilayer while also keeping our membranes flexible over a wide range of temperatures.

The stapedius muscle attached to the stapes bone is innervated by the ___________nerve whereas the tensor tympani muscle attached to the tympanic membrane is innervated by a mandibular sub-branch of the ____________nerve.

Recall that all important carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer reaction mediated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase for this question: The citric acid cycle is functioning all the time and thus producing carbon dioxide. When we exercise and the rate of aerobic metabolism goes up, production increases drastically. Eventually, if CO2 builds up in the body this will lead to a (decrease or increase) in body pH via the law of mass action. Thus, as long as we are healthy, there will be a reflexive (decrease or increase) in breathing to compensate.

Often in entertainment and the news the “genetic code” is referenced. You of course know that what this is referring to is our codons, which ultimately encode for the amino acids that will make up our proteins. What are codons again?

Regarding osmotic pressure regulation in the body, when the kidney goes into failure, one of the signs that medical laboratory pathologists will see is that the patient’s red blood cells will shrink (crenate).Why does this happen in renal disease?

True or False? Xanax, Valium, Versed, and Ativan, among other actions, all act via GABA receptor agonism which causes:

Unlike in deep stages of sleep where somnambulism can occur, in order to not act out our dreams during REM stages of sleep, we become almost completely paralyzed during most of the stages except for:

In order to flex a limb, the extensors must first be relaxed and vice versa. This is done by what neurophysiological process? hint: recall the patellar tendon (ligament) reflex, AKA knee-jerk reflex, from the last chapter.