We have studied a number of biochemical reactions associated…

We have studied a number of biochemical reactions associated with metabolism in the last half of the class. For the following cofactors (4 THINGS): Identify the cofactor. State the type of chemical reaction each cofactor helps catalyze. Give a generalized enzyme name describing the type of reaction OR the specific name of an enzyme that requires the cofactor. Identify (by name, common abbreviation, or structure) a substrate or a product of a reaction requiring the cofactor. You need four responses for each cofactor. Example Answer: “Mg2+: Magnesium (name) phosphate transfer reactions (reaction type) kinase or hexokinase (general enzyme name or enzyme name) glucose or Glc or PEP or Fru-1,6-BP (name of substrate or product) A) Image Description It consists of a pyridine ring with a positively charged nitrogen (pyridinium ion), and it features several substituents: a carboxamide group at the 3-position, a hydroxyl group at the 4-position, and a methyl group at the 5-position. Additionally, the molecule includes a phosphate group attached through a ribose sugar linkage. B) Image Description A complex organic molecule with various functional groups. It features a ribose sugar connected to a nucleotide base on the right, indicated by a five-membered ring with an attached six-membered ring structure. The molecule also includes multiple phosphate groups represented by ‘P’ with surrounding oxygens and negative charges, and a chain of carbon atoms ending in an SH group on the left, indicative of a thiol. The structure likely represents a biochemical molecule, such as a coenzyme or nucleotide derivative. C) Image Description A complex molecule with a cobalt atom at its center. The cobalt atom is coordinated to four nitrogen atoms arranged in a square planar configuration, forming the corrin ring. This corrin ring consists of four pyrrole rings linked by methine bridges, forming a large macrocyclic structure. Attached to one side of the corrin ring is a nucleotide loop, which contains a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleotide base. At the opposite side of the corrin ring, there is a dimethylbenzimidazole group coordinated to the cobalt atom. D) Image Description This molecule has a pyrimidine base (6-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms) connected to a deoxyribose sugar which has a hydroxyl at the 3′ position. The 5′ position of the deoxyribose is bonded to a phosphate group then to a flavanoid via sugar molecule. E) F) Image Description Structurally, it features a pyrimidine ring with an amino group at the 4th position and a methyl group at the 2nd position. This pyrimidine ring is linked via a methylene bridge to a thiazolium ring, characterized by a sulfur atom and a positively charged nitrogen. The thiazolium ring also includes a hydroxymethyl group and two methyl groups. The structure is further complexed by the attachment of pyrophosphate, comprising two phosphate groups. G) Image Description A crucial coenzyme involved in redox reactions within the cell is composed of two main components: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The FMN portion includes a tricyclic flavin ring system, which serves as the active site for redox reactions, and a ribitol sugar linked to a phosphate group. The AMP part consists of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is further connected to a phosphate group. These two components are linked via a pyrophosphate bridge, forming a molecule capable of accepting and donating electrons and protons in various metabolic reactions. H) I) Image Description It consists of an eight-carbon chain featuring two sulfur atoms and a terminal carboxyl group. The sulfur atoms are located at the 6th and 8th positions, forming a five-membered disulfide ring when oxidized. The structure allows this molecule to undergo redox reactions, switching between its oxidized (disulfide) and reduced (dithiol) forms. J) Image Description It consists of a pteridine ring system bearing amino groups at the 2 and 4 positions and a carbonyl group at the 6 position. Attached to this pteridine core is a benzene ring via a methylamino linkage. This benzene ring, in turn, is connected to a glutamic acid moiety through an amide bond. The glutamic acid part of the molecule includes a five-carbon chain with terminal carboxyl groups. K) Image Description It consists of three main components: an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. The adenine base is a nitrogenous base connected to the ribose sugar via a β-N-glycosidic bond. The ribose sugar is a five-carbon sugar that links the adenine base to the phosphate groups. The three phosphate groups are attached sequentially to the 5′ carbon of the ribose, forming a triphosphate chain. L) Image Description The nicotinamide part includes a pyridine ring with an amide group at the 3-position, enabling it to alternate between oxidized and reduced states for electron transfer. The adenine part consists of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, forming a structure similar to nucleotides. The two ribose sugars are each linked to the nicotinamide and adenine groups, with one ribose attached to the nicotinamide via a glycosidic bond and the other being part of the adenosine structure. The two phosphate groups connect the ribose sugars, forming a pyrophosphate bridge, and an additional phosphate group attached to the 2′ position of the ribose linked to adenine distinguishes this molecule from similar ones.

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