​With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:

​Jeremy Bentham argued that effective punishments prevent              in the future.

The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that:​

​In Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled that the detainees at Guantanamo Bay are entitled to:

​Wergild developed as a:

Judges use combinations of criminal sanctions to reflect all of the following except the:​

According to the authors,          is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as:​

​The Auburn System focused on a congregate system of operations.

​For most of U.S. history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the: