Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, who lived during the Umayyad era and worked mostly in Medina, made the first substantial and carefully sifted collection of Hadith. His name is given to the school of jurisprudence that he founded, the Hanbali school.

Muslim tradition teaches that Muhammad was called to prophethood in 610 CE at the age of sixty.

Although Muhammad was returned to his mother, she died when he was only six years old… He always reminded followers to care for their parents, who are children’s protectors, especially their mothers, as noted in the famous Qura’nic verse, “Paradise lies at the feet of the mothers.”  

To give some sense of what a hadith must be in order to be considered “sound” (sahih), it must first have a perfectly linked and unblemished isnad all the way back to the first transmitter, who would be the one who received it from God. It should not contradict other narrations, that occur in greater numbers or versions.

Women are responsible for transmitting an estimated……………………  percent of all hadith in various collections and are portrayed as full participants in the community, bringing their petitions, legal issues, and marital problems to Muhammad for advice.

Not everything Prophet Muhammad said was a divine revelation and not every thought he had came from a divine source. Not only did he consult with other people, particularly those he considered to have more expertise in a given situation, he also did not think of himself as infallible, reserving that level of authority for God.

Documentary: Tunisia – Year Zero: Before the revolution, Tunisians make the radical choice to draft a new state constitution. The citizens of Tunisia choose which model of society they wish to live in. Islam, secularism and women’s status become the major themes of a campaign under high pressure.

Extra credit and related to Chapter 10 – The Arab Spring and the New Era of Uncertainty In 2019 – two more countries joined the list of countries where protest-driven downfall and removal of authoritarian leaders – which two countries? Please pick the correct ones. Thank you. 

Chapter 10 – The Arab Spring and the New Era of Uncertainty According to the author of Chapter 10 – The Arab Spring and the New Era of Uncertainty (& textbook) the underlying factors that gave rise to the outbreak of protests and the calls for change, reform and even revolution were: (please pick all the correct answers)

Chapter 5: Gelvin What are the roots of Saudi – Iranian competition? The outbreak of the pandemic, rise in aridity, and increase in Iranian nuclear activity have led to Saudi Arabia and Iran being on opposite sides in a number of civil conflicts and political disputes besides the one in Syria.