Which pH of the following is the most alkaline (Basic)?

The patterns of eating that promote health and provide food security for the present population and for future generations is called _______.

Mrs NS, aged 72 years, weight 56kg, goes to see her GP due to a burning sensation when passing urine, she is also feeling a little confused.   Past Medical History: Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus type 2, Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Epilepsy, Osteoporosis   Current Medicines: Amlodipine 5mg OD, Perindopril 4mg OD, Atorvastatin 20mg ON, Metformin 1g BD, Gliclazide 80mg BD, Ferrous Sulphate 200mg OD, Sodium Valproate 600mg BD, Alendronic Acid 70mg once a week, Adcal D3 II OD Allergies: NKDA   The GP suspects a urinary tract infection (UTI) and asks for a dipstick test. The results are positive for leucocytes and nitrites.   a) Explain the relevance of the dipstick findings in relation to the diagnosis (2 marks)   The GP decides to empirically prescribe amoxicillin 500mg TDS for 3 days. Mrs NS returns 2 days after completing the course feeling more unwell, confused, pain in her back, a raised temperature of 38.5°C and has not been drinking as much. BP 100/72 mmHg HR 106 bpm RR 18 bpm O2 sats 94%   Mrs NS is admitted into hospital.   b) What is the most likely diagnosis of the patient’s infection (1 mark) Day 1 – Mrs NS is started on ciprofloxacin 500mg BD for her infection and naproxen 500mg BD for the pain in her back. c) Comment on the choice of therapy and any changes you may make with your rationale (2 marks)   Day 3 – Urine cultures and sensitivities return showing an extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) producing E.Coli with sensitivity to ertapenem, fosfomycin and pivmecillinam. The registrar initiates treatment with ertapenem 1g once a day IV.   d) Comment on the choice of therapy and any changes you may make with your rationale (2 marks)   Day 4 – Blood results:                    Reference Range Na+    135 (135 – 145 mmol/L) K+       5.0 (3.5 – 5.1 mmol/L) Ur        18 (2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L) SCr     256 (50 – 120 umol/L)     Blood results 3 months ago:                    Reference Range Na+    138 (135 – 145 mmol/L) K+      4.4 (3.5 – 5.1 mmol/L) Ur       5.5 (2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L) SCr     95 (50 – 120 umol/L) e) What are the potential causes of Mrs NS’s Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)? (2 marks)   f) What stage of AKI does Mrs NS have currently? What is the patient’s current creatinine clearance (CrCl)? (2 marks)   g) Propose an initial management plan for treating the AKI and rationale (4 marks)

What assessment tool is designed to measure how well a diet meets the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines?

What are added to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table?

A midsagittal section of the body would pass through the___________.

What is typically a characteristic of a vegetarian diet?

Mrs RJ, aged 58 years old, is an African-Caribbean lady who is attending her GP surgery for a general health check up. Mrs RJ has type II diabetes which had been diagnosed 6 months ago. She has been doing quite well on her diet so far, losing 3 kilograms (Kg). Mrs RJ currently weighs 84 kg and has a body mass index (BMI) of 28.4. She is hoping to lose more weight over the next few months. She takes no regular medicines. Mrs RJ has the following results taken at clinic: Serum Biochemistry Na          141         (135 – 145 mmol/L)         Albumin               40     (35 – 50g/L) K             4.1          (3.5 – 5.1 mmol/L)             ALT                         25     (5 – 40 IU/L) Ur           4.5          (2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L)             ALP                        59     (35 – 120 IU/L) Creatinine 115   (50 – 120 umol/L)          GGT                       34     (5 – 45 IU/L) [Baseline creatinine 112 – 4 months ago) eGFR     52 ml/min/1.73m2                            Bilirubin                6       (0 – 17 umol/L)   Blood Pressure (BP) – 145/94 mmHg Heart rate – 55 beats per minute HbA1c – 70 mmol/mol   Based upon the findings the GP has decided to initiate candesartan 4mg once a day for the raised blood pressure. a) Comment upon and analyse the GP’s decision to start treatment; discuss additional action you would have taken in the management of this patient based upon the current findings. When discussing medicines optimisation include assessments, investigations and name and dose of medicines to initiate. (10 marks)   b) The GP has decided to continue with the prescription for candesartan 4mg once a day. What parameters and monitoring would you suggest in relation to the medicine. (1 mark) Following the initiation of the candesartan the following bloods were taken by the GP after 2 weeks of treatment. Serum Biochemistry Na          139         (135 – 145 mmol/L)         Albumin               42     (35 – 50g/L) K             4.6          (3.5 – 5.1 mmol/L)              ALT                         29     (5 – 40 IU/L) Ur           4.5          (2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L)              ALP                        60     (35 – 120 IU/L) Creatinine 130   (50 – 120 umol/L)           GGT                       30     (5 – 45 IU/L) eGFR     45 ml/min/1.73m2                             Bilirubin                8       (0 – 17 umol/L) BP – 134/74 mmHg HR – 55 bpm   c) Based upon the findings following 2 weeks of treatment comment on what action, if any, you would take. Discuss your rationale. (2 marks) Two years later, Mrs RJ has a clinic blood pressure of 149/94 mmHg. Mrs RJ has remained stable on her previous medication prescribed for her blood pressure (candesartan 4mg OD). The GP decides to add in diltiazem extended release 120mg OD in the treatment plan. d) Comment on the appropriateness of the management plan and discuss, with your rationale, what actions you would undertake. (2 marks)

Mrs NS, aged 72 years, weight 56kg, goes to see her GP due to a burning sensation when passing urine, she is also feeling a little confused.   Past Medical History: Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus type 2, Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Epilepsy, Osteoporosis   Current Medicines: Amlodipine 5mg OD, Perindopril 4mg OD, Atorvastatin 20mg ON, Metformin 1g BD, Gliclazide 80mg BD, Ferrous Sulphate 200mg OD, Sodium Valproate 600mg BD, Alendronic Acid 70mg once a week, Adcal D3 II OD Allergies: NKDA   The GP suspects a urinary tract infection (UTI) and asks for a dipstick test. The results are positive for leucocytes and nitrites.   a) Explain the relevance of the dipstick findings in relation to the diagnosis (2 marks)   The GP decides to empirically prescribe amoxicillin 500mg TDS for 3 days. Mrs NS returns 2 days after completing the course feeling more unwell, confused, pain in her back, a raised temperature of 38.5°C and has not been drinking as much. BP 100/72 mmHg HR 106 bpm RR 18 bpm O2 sats 94%   Mrs NS is admitted into hospital.   b) What is the most likely diagnosis of the patient’s infection (1 mark) Day 1 – Mrs NS is started on ciprofloxacin 500mg BD for her infection and naproxen 500mg BD for the pain in her back. c) Comment on the choice of therapy and any changes you may make with your rationale (2 marks)   Day 3 – Urine cultures and sensitivities return showing an extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) producing E.Coli with sensitivity to ertapenem, fosfomycin and pivmecillinam. The registrar initiates treatment with ertapenem 1g once a day IV.   d) Comment on the choice of therapy and any changes you may make with your rationale (2 marks)   Day 4 – Blood results:                    Reference Range Na+    135 (135 – 145 mmol/L) K+       5.0 (3.5 – 5.1 mmol/L) Ur        18 (2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L) SCr     256 (50 – 120 umol/L)     Blood results 3 months ago:                    Reference Range Na+    138 (135 – 145 mmol/L) K+      4.4 (3.5 – 5.1 mmol/L) Ur       5.5 (2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L) SCr     95 (50 – 120 umol/L) e) What are the potential causes of Mrs NS’s Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)? (2 marks)   f) What stage of AKI does Mrs NS have currently? What is the patient’s current creatinine clearance (CrCl)? (2 marks)   g) Propose an initial management plan for treating the AKI and rationale (4 marks)

ideology the beliefs and ideals that help to shape political opinion and eventually policy