Some combinations of recessive alleles cause problems so severe that the fetus ceases to develop. Such lethal allele combinations appear to alter Mendelian ratios because

1. Explain how a child could have 3 parents. (2 points max) 2. Summarize 1 of the 2 new studies recently published that use pedigrees as a part of their methods. (2 points max) Note: the maximum points you can receive on the exam is 75 points.    

Mendel’s laws of inheritance derive from

Many people with depression experience this symptom in which they feel as though nothing they do has an impact on the outcome, which leads the person to stop exhibiting various behaviors, such as self-care and socializing. 

The order of events in the cell cycle is

Baby Antoine was born in a remote part of Quebec, Canada. He appeared to be a healthy six‐pound twelve‐ounce baby, except he did not eat well. During the weeks after his birth, he became more and more lethargic (sleepy, moving slowly), and he vomited periodically. His urine smelled of rotten cabbage. Baby Antoine gained only half a pound in six months and doctors had to feed him through a tube into his stomach. He gained weight and strength for a while, but died before he was a year old. It became apparent that other babies in the same area had similar symptoms, and people recalled similar deaths. Some families lost several children to Antoine’s disease. In those families, the parents were normal but about 25% of their children were affected. Specialists concluded that this was a genetic disorder. A. Based on the pedigree and information in the story above, is Antoine’s disease inherited as a dominant or a recessive trait? Explain your answer. B. What are the genotypes of these individuals? III‐J _________ II‐C _________ II‐D _________ C. If individual III-K married their first cousin III-S, what is the probability that they would produce an afflicted child? Show your work and/or calculations (when applicable).

Choose the correct pattern (or mode) of inheritance for the following pedigree:  

Body parts derived from ectoderm include the 

Female boa constrictors (a type of snake) have one of the sex chromosome called a Z chromosome and one called W. Females are the __________ sex; therefore males are the __________ sex.

According to a new study, the number of cases of whooping cough has steadily increased since 2008 peaking in 2010. The rate of voluntary vaccine withdrawal (not receiving a vaccine shot) for whooping cough increased from 2007 to 2010.  Whooping cough vaccine has a known effect on the number of whooping cough infections, and a large majority of individuals were not vaccinated. Which would best explain the relationship between whooping cough infections and vaccine withdrawal?