Hotter, younger, oceanic magma rises at _________, and is most closely associated with the force known as _________.

What does crystal size tell a geologist about the history of an igneous rock (1 pt), and how does this textural trait relate to the particular location in which it formed (2 pts)?

When corals precipitate their skeletons in warm, shallow, tropical waters, this typically results in the formation of __________.

__________ is a mineral that in various forms is abundant in aphanitic igneous rocks such as rhyolite, andesite, and basalt.

For the sample of rock shown below, choose the set of arrows which best shows the direction of differential stress which caused the foliation to develop. Mark your answer with the letter of the correct arrow pair.

Which of the following is thought to be a primary factor involved in the horizontal motion of Earth’s tectonic plates?

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In your own words, concisely describe five different and significant pieces of evidence used by Alfred Wegener in support of his hypothesis that “Pangaea” broke up into the separate continents we observe today (5 points). Then concisely describe three forms of additional evidence discovered later (post-World War II) that suggested seafloor spreading was actually the mechanism for their separation (3 points) Lastly, describe the important phenomenon of subduction zones within the overall theory of plate tectonics (2 points).

This explains why oceanic crust lies lower on the face of the Earth than continental crust: ________.

Why do some minerals display the property known as “fracture”?