Question 2 Short Answered Questions – (20%) Below is the output from analysis of the dystrophin (DMD) gene in a patient sample by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA).   2a) What genetic abnormality has been identified in the patient sample? (2 marks) 2b) Why do MLPA probes contain a ‘stuffer’ sequence? (2 marks) 2c) The patient has no family history of muscular dystrophy. A blood sample from the patient’s mother was analysed and did not reveal any abnormality within the DMD gene. Explain the origins of the disease in the patient. (3 marks) 2d) A sample from a second patient revealed no insertions or deletions by MPLA. Explain why a diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy could not be excluded, and how diagnostic testing would proceed. (3 marks) — ESSAY QUESTION – 80% Explain the pathogenesis of the Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. In your answer, critically evaluate exon skipping as a novel therapeutic approach for treating patients.

Define each of the following terms (2 points each). Then, pick one of the terms and provide an example of this term in nature that you learned in class (2 points). Lastly, for one of the terms (it can be the same or different than the one you chose for your animal example), discuss the key variables that must be considered when using this term as a hypothesis to explain altruism as an advantageous behavior (2 points). Hint, think about the variables of importance from our in class activities.  Group Selection: Kin Selection:  Reciprocal Altruism: 

My room scan included: A slow, 360° sweep of the entire room A full view of my testing area, desk, chair, and the space around and under my workspace A clear, slow display of any physical notes (front and back), including flipping through a notebook if applicable

Identify the indicated synovial space. [BLANK-1] 27 elbow and pru.png

Dear studentWelcome to the online spotter section of the test.There are 10 questions. You have one minute per question, with a few extra minutes.You have to complete the whole section, save and submit. You can NOT return to this section afterwards.Only type ONE answer.Good luck!

Identify the indicated structure (yellow arrow). [BLANK-1] cubital fossa.jpg

Complete the following statement: Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow) is a clinical condition causing inflammation in muscles known as the common _____ of the forearm. [BLANK-1]

Identify the indicated structure. [BLANK-1] 26 shoulder joint.png

Select the correct attachments for each of the following muscles:

Which muscle flexes, medially rotates and adducts the humerus/arm?