The figure above is a cartoon representation of the enzyme enolase. In catabolic metabolism, the substrate for the enzyme is _________ while the product is _________.

What bone is labeled #9 and #10 (it is the first bone of the carpals that is directly under the thumb) on the hand diagram below? HAND(1).png

Of the following molecules, identify the compound in which the carbon is fully oxidized:

Given the statement below, choose the best answer. Cyclization of the open form of glucose to the closed form creates

Which of the following is the correct name for the disaccharide shown below?  

Which of the following are means by which the cell regulates flux through a metabolic pathway? (choose the best answer below)

What enzyme converts fumarate to malate in the TCA cycle?

The enzyme that converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is known as _______.

ATP hydrolysis is often used by cells to enable catalysis of endergonic reactions. ATP hydrolysis is directly coupled to the reaction mechanism. Which of the possibilities listed below is/are the means by which ATP hydrolysis is coupled to catalysis?  

The following is an excerpt from a 2021 research paper published in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology:   The PDHc is a large multiunit complex of three different enzymes. The first dehydrogenase, the E1 component (or AceE) encoded by aceE, converts pyruvate to CO2 and transfers the remaining hydroxyethyl group onto an enzyme-bound thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and subsequently to a lipoate moiety of the adjacent E2 component encoded by aceF. The E2 component transfers acetyl to CoA, forming acetyl-CoA, while the remaining dihydrolipoate is reoxidized by the E3 component encoded by lpdA, forming NADH. One strategy to accumulate pyruvate is by the deletion of any one of these three PDHc enzyme components (22, 23). However, PDHc-deficient E. coli strains cannot synthesize acetyl-CoA from pyruvate under aerobic conditions and thus requires a secondary carbon source, such as acetate (25). Additional nutrient requirements increase operating costs of the process; therefore, an appealing alternative is instead to decrease the activity of the complex.   An alternate approach to direct metabolic flux preferentially toward a product pathway is to decrease the intrinsic activity of the competing native enzyme at that metabolic branch point. Changing the intrinsic activity could be accomplished by altering key residues which affect substrate binding (i.e., Km) or turnover (i.e., kcat). Alteration of substrate affinity in a highly active native enzyme would allow the product pathway to be more competitive.   Since the E1 component of PDHc is the rate-limiting step, the AceE protein is an appropriate target for reducing flux between pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. The goal of this proof-of-concept study was to create variants of PDHc which reduce the native carbon flux to acetyl-CoA and shift flux to pyruvate. We hypothesize that PDHc variants of E. coli having reduced activity would accumulate pyruvate from glucose during aerobic growth. In order to prevent conversion of pyruvate to other products, the strains also contained deletions in two nonessential pathways: lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) and pyruvate oxidase (poxB).   If the researchers did not engineer the IdhA knockout along with introducing the AceE mutations, then what would be expected to accumulate in addition to pyruvate?