Is the argument deductively valid?

How does epispadias present during a physical examination?    

Which of the following neurotransmitter changes is associated with the cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer’s disease?

Which of the following types of insulin would be the MOST appropriate to give a 10-year-old female with a blood glucose of 300?

An 82-year-old male with mild cognitive impairment is prescribed donepezil for Alzheimer’s disease. Two weeks later, he presents with nausea, diarrhea, and vivid dreams. What is the best management option for this patient?

The pathophysiology for type I diabetes is:

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the office with a persistent cough. Her mother is concerned because she has had a wet sounding cough for the past 4 to 5 months without improvement. Past medical history is significant for three episodes of pneumonia in the past 18 months, each episode treated with antibiotics. Her mother is also concerned that she has been underweight for the past 12 months. On physical examination, the patient is afebrile and her respiratory rate is 24 breaths/minute. Her weight and height are both less than the 5th percentile. Lung examination reveals diffuse crackles and wheezes. Which of the following tests would reveal her most likely underlying diagnosis?

Baby Girl Jones is 28 hours old. She is breastfed and has a total bilirubin of 10.7. The MOST appropriate action for Baby Girl Jones is:

A 30-year-old presents with hematuria, menorrhagia, and bleeding gums and is diagnosed with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). A nurse realizes the most likely cause is:

A 4 year-old girl is found to have carditis, subcutaneous nodules and erythema marginatum. Which of the following tests would help differentiate rheumatic fever from Kawasaki’s disease?