Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the Columbian Exchange mentioned in Chapter 1?

One of the longstanding complaints against the Catholic Church, and one that Martin Luther took great exception to, was the practice of Catholic authorities selling [BLANK-1]. By the Late Middle Ages, Catholic priests, bishops, cardinals, and even popes took to selling these. They took many forms in reality, but they are best remembered as “golden tickets to heaven.” Believers could purchase these from church authorities and guarantee a spot in heaven for themselves or a loved one; they could even pay for a loved one who had already passed to get out of Purgatory with their purchase. Luther would argue that there was no scriptural basis for this practice and that it actually ran counter to the teachings of Jesus when he published his 95 Theses.

European voyages of discovery were largely fueled by the knowledge held in Muslim centers of learning in Africa and the Middle East (many classical texts had been lost during the Middle Ages in Europe). Great advancements in cartography and maritime navigation were fueled by the rediscovery of Ptolemy’s [BLANK-1] in 1410. The document was originally written around 150 C.E., but had been lost to Europeans for many centuries.

This is not truly an online course because I will be expected to take a proctored in person final exam.

A protégé of his patron, Lorenzo de’ Medici, Pico della Mirandola was a youthful prodigy and an example of humanist thought during the Italian Renaissance. In 1486, his most notable work, [BLANK-1], made an impassioned summary of peoples’ positive qualities and capacities for learning

[BLANK-1] occurred between 1315 and 1317 and was the result of poor harvests due to climate change and the Little Ice Age. It was a Malthusian Crisis that not only led to massive death in Europe, but also greatly weakened the immune system of survivors who would be devastated by the Great Death around thirty years later.

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Each answer should be written in a paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:Ch’oe Ch’unghonChinggis KhanFujiwara MichinagaInfernoThe Medieval ChessboardQutb-ud-dinThe Secret History of the MongolsShen GuaThe Srivijayan EmpireThe Tale of Genji

[BLANK-1] is one of the greatest and most famous works of art in the world. It was sculpted by Michelangelo during the Italian Renaissance and exemplified the artist’s (and the movement’s) insistence that human beings have great dignity and are worthy of admiration and contemplation. Counter to the biblical basis for the theme of the sculpture, Michelangelo designed his subject to be a muscular, powerful, and full-formed adult. He used a beautiful, but flawed, block of marble for the sculpture that had been infamous in Florence for its tricky air pockets (making it subject to cracking). Michelangelo showed his immense skill as an artist by incorporating the imperfections in the marble and using them to form veins, ligaments, and sinew for his sculpture.

The Gupta Empire in India saw a cultural flowering, particularly in art and literature. One of India’s greatest literary minds, Kalidasa (ca. 380-450), wrote both plays and poetry (much like William Shakespeare more than a thousand years later). His most famous work was a play called [BLANK-1] which is considered among India’s greatest cultural works.

[BLANK-1] authorized The Massacre at Béziers in 1209, an event that resulted in the deaths of roughly 20,000 men, women, and children. The victims of this massacre were called Cathars. They were a minority Christian sect located primarily in Southern France who believed that the Old and New Testament spoke of different gods. According to this sect, the creator god of Genesis was cruel, violent, vindictive, and capricious – they believed he was Satan himself. The New Testament god, according to this faith, was the Christian God, Jehovah: typified by kindness, mercy, love, and forgiveness.