What is the most common cause of cephalization as seen on the upright chest film?  Empyema  Hypoxemia  Left heart failure  Renal failure

The following patient is a 65-year-old male that has smoked for 48 pack/yrs.  What is the interpretation of his pulmonary function study based on the information below? TESTS          ACTUAL          PREDICTED       %PREDICTED FVC                 2.17                     4.1                        53% SVC                 2.62                     4.1                        64% FEV1               1.O4                    3.1                        34% FEV3                2.0                      3.9                        51% FEV1/FVC %   48%                   76%                      —— MVV                1.6                      3.5                         46% RV                    1.34                    0.82                      163 FRC                  2.32                   1.64                       141% TLC                  7.48                   4.92                       152%

Which of the following strategies can help reduce auto-PEEP in mechanically ventilated patients with obstructive lung disease? (Multiple Answers)1.  Use high inspiratory flows (70 to 100 L/min).2.  Apply extrinsic PEEP.3.  Use VT values (12 to 15 ml/kg).4.  Use high respiratory rates (>25/min).

Which of the following diseases are typically evaluated using high-resolution CT? (Multiple Answers)  Asthma  Bronchiectasis  Emphysema  Pulmonary fibrosis

The following data was obtained from a 45-year-old female patient admitted for pulmonary complications arising from kyphoscoliosis. Assess the following PFS. TEST                       ACTUAL                PRED                %PRED TLC                            3.13                       4.09                   76% FRC                           1.44                       1.96                   73% RV                              0.85                       1.09                   78% VC                              2.28                       2.92                   78% FVC                            2.28                       2.92                   78% FEV1                          1.75                       2.20                   79% FEV1/FVC                 77%                       75%                   —– FEF200-1200                4.46                       5.40                   83% FEF25-75                     2.97                       3.67                   81%  normal pulmonary function    mild obstructive disease  mild restrictive disease   moderate obstructive disease 

The flow-volume loop (red line) graph below represents what type of impairment?  

Which of the following can cause hypoxemia? (Multiple Answers)  V/Q mismatch  Diffusion impairment  Alveolar hypoventilation  Intrapulmonary shunting

Which of the following adverse reactions are commonly seen with pulmonary function testing?   hemoptysis  cough  chest pain  syncope

Which of the following are present when diagnosing a respiratory failure? (Multiple Answers)  PaO2 50 mm Hg, FIO2 .21, PB 760 mm Hg  P(A-a)O2 45 mm Hg, FIO2 .21, PB 760 mm Hg  PaO2/FIO2 400, FIO2 .21, PB 760 mm Hg

All of the following causes atelectasis except:  Abdominal surgery  Hepatomegaly  Rib fracture  Pleurisy