Columns with spirals generally exhibits less ductility than columns without spirals.

If the exterior frames of a building are exposed to atmospheric temperature changes and the interior is maintained at a constant temperature, a relative vertical deflection can occur between the interior and exterior columns.

Increasing the permeability of the concrete will limit or delay corrosion of the reinfocement.

The ACI Code defines 0.02 as the maximum usable compressive strain for reinforced concrete.

A beam is singly reinforced with the reinforcement in two rows. The bottom row contains 10 No. 8 bars at a depth of 16 in. The top row contains 8 No. 6 bars at a depth of 11 in. Determine the effective (centroidal) depth, d, of the steel.

Reinforcement within concrete will not rust until an electrolytic cell can be established.

Rust occupies two to three times the volume of the metal from which it is formed.

When a section cracks, its moment of inertia decreases, leading to a decrease in the stiffness of the beam.

At a point subjected to plane stress, the stresses are σx = –60 MPa, σy = –40 MPa, and τxy = 100 MPa. Determine the angle θp corresponding to the orientation of the principal planes at the point.

A beam is singly reinforced with the reinforcement in two rows. The bottom row contains 7 No. 7 bars at a depth of 20 in. The top row contains 3 No. 6 bars at a depth of 16 in. Determine the effective (centroidal) depth, d, of the steel.