What are the first lymph nodes where cancer may spread? 

What is laparotomy defined as? 

What procedure creates a small pouch from the stomach & connects to a newly created pouch directly to small intestine?

Which of the following is correct regarding roflumilast?

Alice is an 80 year old female with COPD (FEV1/FVC: 60%, FEV1: 70% predicted). She has experienced one COPD exacerbation in the past year along with pneumonia which led to a hospital visit. Her CAT score today is 15. Her eosinophil count today is 50 cells/uL. She is currently receiving Spiriva Respimat as maintenance therapy and albuterol HFA as rescue treatment. She uses her rescue inhaler 3-4 times per day. What is the most appropriate next step for Eleanor’s maintenance therapy?

Which of the following is most likely to be increased above normal in the spirometry results of a patient with advanced COPD?

Molnupiravir is a prodrug targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. Which group in the red circle masks the activity of the active species to make it a prodrug? 

Section I. Drug name recognition. From the list of cellular target below (designated with letters) select one answer that corresponds to each of the FDA approved therapeutic agents below.  2×20=40 points) Note: You may need to use some cellular targets more than once.

What dose is a typical vitamin C supplement?

The recommended dietary allowance of 0.8 g protein/ kg body weight provides a MINIMUM daily intake level to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy people.