When mitosis occurs normally (without errors), it produces _______.

DNA can be synthesized by cells; it can also be synthesized in vitro (outside of cells in a lab). We have looked at DNA synthesis as part of the cell cycle, during PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and during DNA sequencing. Here, we will consider how those processes compare. DNA replication in cells, during PCR and during DNA sequencing results in different products. [p] makes many fragments of different lengths from the DNA, [q] makes many copies of the same length of a single section of DNA, and [r] makes a single copy of all of the DNA. In order to initiate synthesis of a complementary DNA strand, cells use [x], PCR uses [y], and DNA sequencing uses [z]. [a] uses dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs). ddNTPs are used because [b].

There are both similarities and differences in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Summarize some of them by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down boxes. The initial energy input that starts glycolysis and is used to drive cellular respiration is [a]. The initial energy input used to drive photosynthesis is [b]. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis involve electron transport chains (e.t.c.) in a membrane. The e.t.c. involved in cellular respiration is found in the [c]; the e.t.c involved in photosynthesis is found in the [d]. The immediate source of energy for the e.t.c. in cellular respiration is [e]; in photosynthesis, it is [f]. In cellular respiration, the e.t.c. is used to directly generate [g]; in photosynthesis, the e.t.c from PS II is used to directly generate [h], and the e.t.c from PS I is used to directly generate [i].

What is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and used in the Calvin cycle? Choose all correct answers.

Which of the following events occurs earliest in mitosis?

Antibiotic resistance can evolve rapidly in bacterial populations. Suppose that a type of bacterial infection is normally treated with antibiotic A. A person who has an infection with this type of bacteria takes antibiotic A, but it has no effect. It is determined that the bacteria causing their infection have a new allele that makes them resistant to the antibiotic because it cannot bind to the normal target molecule in the bacteria. How did the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic? Side note: Fortunately for the person with the infection, it turns out there is another antibiotic that can be used to treat the infection, so the person recovers and is fine.

Which biotechnology method would be the best choice to accomplish each of the following tasks?

Water (H2O) consists of an oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms. The bond between oxygen and hydrogen is [a] because [b].

Researchers have determined that domestic cats have around 20,000 genes but produce over 32,000 proteins. What is the best explanation for how there can be more proteins than genes?

What is necessary in order for a cell to move ions against their concentration gradient and establish a high concentration of ions on one side of a membrane?