Diagram/Essay Question: Provide a diagram and a narrative paragraph using your own words and sentence structure to fully answer the following question. Make sure to provide enough detail to address all points of the question.   Diagram, illustrate, or describe in detail the process of glucose reabsorption across both membranes in the tubule cells and describe how it is linked to sodium reabsorption. Include the location in the nephron where it occurs, regulating hormones (if applicable), protein channel/pump up-regulation or down-regulation (if applicable), protein channel/pump activation or inhibition (if applicable), and ion movement (if applicable). Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer. If so, you can upload it as a file submission in the next question.

Neuron Action Potential – Part 2 This question is about what triggers the voltage-gated ion channels to open and close during an action potential. Take a look again at the graph of an action potential on the membrane of a neuron (given below). Describe what is happening in the voltage-gated sodium channels and the voltage-gated potassium channels during the point in time on your graph 1) when threshold is reached, 2) when +30mV is reached, and 3) when -80mV is reached. What are each of the two ion channels doing at each of these 3 points on the graph? Tip: remember that sodium channels have two gates and three states, whereas potassium channels have one gate and two states.  

  Give the full name of the structure indicated with the black arrow (it is also indicated by the middle green pin). Ignore the other labels.

  Give the full name of the organ in the field of view. (Hint: the organ fills the entire image)

Diagram/Essay Question: Provide a diagram and a narrative paragraph using your own words and sentence structure to fully answer the following question. Make sure to provide enough detail to address all points of the question.   Diagram, illustrate, or describe in detail the aldosterone system of control on fluid balance in the body. Your answer should include (but isn’t limited to) specific details about the stimulus, the receptor/control center, and the changes on the lumenal side and the basolateral side of the principal cells in the collecting tubule and collecting duct in response to aldosterone, and the net effect. Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer. If so, you can upload it as a file submission in the next question.

  Give the full name of the structure indicated with the yellow arrow. Ignore the other labels.

Diagram/Essay Question: Provide a diagram and a narrative paragraph using your own words and sentence structure to fully answer the following question. Make sure to provide enough detail to address all points of the question.   Diagram, illustrate, or describe in detail how the carbohydrates that we ingest get chemically/enzymatically digested. Your answer should include the details of carbohydrate digestion in all parts of the digestive tract, the accessory digestive organs involved, the chemicals and enzymes responsible for digesting carbohydrates, the source and activation of the chemicals and enzymes, and the breakdown products. You do not need to include information about mechanical digestion in your answer, nor do you need to include information about absorption in your answer.  Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer. If so, you can upload it as a file submission in the next question.

Is the statement below true or false? Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits Na/K pumps on the basolateral membrane of the principal cells in the collecting duct.

There are two options for question 52 on this exam, and you can choose which one you will answer. Your options for which question to answer are shown below. Read these questions, then take a mental note of which one you prefer to answer.   Option A: Describe in detail how the proteins that we ingest get chemically/enzymatically digested. Your answer should include the details of protein digestion in all parts of the digestive tract, the accessory digestive organs involved, the chemicals and enzymes responsible for digesting proteins, the source and activation of the chemicals and enzymes, and the breakdown products. You do not need to include information about mechanical digestion in your answer, nor do you need to include information about absorption in your answer. Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer.   Option B: Describe in detail how the carbohydrates that we ingest get chemically/enzymatically digested. Your answer should include the details of carbohydrate digestion in all parts of the digestive tract, the accessory digestive organs involved, the chemicals and enzymes responsible for digesting carbohydrates, the source and activation of the chemicals and enzymes, and the breakdown products. You do not need to include information about mechanical digestion in your answer, nor do you need to include information about absorption in your answer. Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer.

     Give the specific name of the type of blood vessel indicated by letter A. Ignore the other labels.