Identify the flaw in the statement: “Given any two bodies, the one with the higher temperature contains more heat.” Explain why this statement is incorrect, considering the distinction between temperature and heat.  Record your answer with your reasoning to your scratch paper. Make sure to submit it to Gradescope at the end of the exam. (10 points) 

A heat engine takes in 400 J of energy from a hot reservoir and performs 16.0 J of work in each cycle. (a) Find the efficiency of the engine. (10 points) (b) Find the energy expelled to the cold reservoir in each cycle. (15 points) Show your work and answer in the scratch paper.

Metal lids on glass jars often become easier to loosen when hot water is run over them. Explain the physical principles behind this phenomenon, including the differences in material properties between the lid and the jar.  The coefficient of thermal expansion of glass is 3.2×10−6/◦C and the coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminum is 25 × 10−6/◦C. Record your answer with your reasoning to your scratch paper. Make sure to submit it to Gradescope at the end of the exam. (10 points) 

Congratulations! You’ve finished the final exam for TAX 5015. If you could describe your experience in this course using just one word, what word would you choose?

Note: use the following fact pattern for the next two questions.   Bonnie is a partner in a general partnership in which she has an outside basis of $22,000 at the end of the year (prior to any distributions). On December 31, Bonnie receives a proportionate nonliquidating distribution of $16,000 cash and property with a $13,000 fair value and a $9,000 basis to the partnership.   What is the amount and character of Bonnie’s gain or loss on the distribution?

Note: use the following fact pattern for the next two questions.   The tax basis balance sheet for Boxelder, a general partnership on the cash method of accounting, includes the following assets and liabilities on January 1 of this year:   Fair valueAdjusted basisAssets: Cash$180,000$180,000 Accounts receivable$60,000$0 Land$90,000$120,000 Total$330,000$300,000Liabilities: Mortgage $24,000$24,000 Total$24,000$24,000   Wanda, a partner with a 33.33 percent capital and profits interest, sells her entire partnership interest to Valerie for $102,000 cash plus the assumption of her share of Boxelder’s liabilities.   If Wanda had a basis in her partnership interest of $100,000 on January 1, what is the amount and character of Wanda’s gain or loss on the sale of her interest?

At the beginning of this year, Tobias’s basis in his Pine, Inc. (an S corporation) stock was $27,000. Tobias had previously made a direct loan to Pine of $10,000. During the year, Pine reported an $80,000 ordinary business loss and no separately stated items. If Tobias is a 50 percent owner of Pine, how much of the ordinary loss may he deduct?

Dogwood, Inc., an S corporation, makes a nonliquidating distribution of equipment to its sole shareholder, Debby. The equipment distributed to Debby has a fair value of $40,000 and a basis of $5,000. At the time of the distribution, Dogwood has no accumulated E&P and Debby has a basis of $50,000 in her stock. What is Debby’s beginning basis in the distributed equipment?

Note: use the following fact pattern for the next two questions.   Alex is a partner with a 30 percent capital and profits interest in Maple, a limited partnership, when he sells his entire interest on January 1 for $110,000. At the time of the sale, Alex’s basis in the partnership is $60,000.   If Maple does not have any debt or hot assets, what is the amount and character of Alex’s gain or loss on the sale of his interest?

Note: unless otherwise stated, assume for the following questions involving nonliquidating distributions that (1) no contributed property was distributed, (2) all precontribution gain was recognized before the distribution, and (3) the distribution is pro rata.   Colin is a partner in a general partnership in which he has an outside basis of $56,000 at the end of the year (prior to any distributions). On December 31, Colin receives a proportionate nonliquidating distribution of $6,000 cash and property with a $14,000 fair value and an $8,000 basis to the partnership. How much gain or loss must Colin recognize, and what is his outside basis after the distribution?