History: A 25-year-old pregnant woman comes to the ED with symptoms of lower back pain, urinary frequency, and a burning sensation when voiding.  Her pregnancy has been normal up to this point.  She is given a sterile container and asked to collect a mid-stream clean catch urine specimen.  Routine urinalysis results are as follows. Exam 1(2).jpg What is the most probable diagnosis for this patient?

Chronic pyelonephritis is the direct result of congenital condition, Vesicoureteral Reflux which portion of the kidney is being impacted by this condition?   

Which of the following microscopic structures will differentiate an upper urinary tract infection from a lower urinary tract infection?

What is happening in neutralization when an antibody interacts with an antigen?

Animals that participate in the life cycle of pathogens and transmit pathogens from one host to another are called:

An insect that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a:

An instrument that is used to sterilize with heat under pressure is called a(n):

The following set of elementary reaction steps has been proposed for an overall reaction (not shown).  Identify the catalyst.

Which term is used to describe a disease outbreak over several continents or countries?

Which of the following proteins are secreted by cells infected by viruses to warn cells nearby to protect themselves?