Tied columns have lower ductility giving less warning before a failure.

Ties are provided in reinforced concrete columns for four reasons. One of these reasons is _______.

In small buildings, the most frequently used concrete strength is _______ to _______ psi.

A load that has been misaligned on a concrete column is called a/an _______ load.

A load that has been misaligned on a concrete column is called a/an _______ load.

In nonseismic regions, ties are generally spaced approximately one column width apart.

When a column is under compression, the column shortens and contracts laterally.

Determine the maximum axial strength φPn,max for the following tied column.Column width, b = 28 in.Column thickness, h = 12 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 12Size of longitudinal bars = No. 8Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 4,000 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi

Spirals are normally made from Grade-_____ steel.

To minimize splice lengths, choose the smallest practical bar size and the highest practical concrete strength.