Case Study 2:   An 85-year-old male was admitted to the emergency room of a New York City hospital suffering from breathing difficulties and coughing.  He had a high fever, cough, and chest pain. He had presented to his local physician 3 days previously complaining of fever, headache, malaise, and pneumonia-like respiratory symptoms.  A year ago he moved into a large long-term care facility after his wife died and he has been suffering from type two diabetes for the last thirty years.  Sputum was collected for culture and sensitivity.  A sputum gram stain indicated the presence of many white blood cells and pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli.  The organism causing the infection did not grow on the traditional media for sputum culture.  An additional urine specimen for antigen testing was then collected and sent to a reference laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. Case Study 2 Question 2:  If he did not contract his illness from another patient, what is the likely mode of transmission?

Which of the following characteristics is usually NOT present a vaginal specimen from a typical case of bacterial vaginosis?

Except in severe cases, diarrhea caused by Salmonella typhi is treated with rehydration therapy, but not antibiotic therapy.  Why is this?

Case Study 3: A 3-year old girl presented at the emergency room with bloody diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The child’s mother reported that the day-care center called yesterday morning because she started having a watery diffuse diarrhea.  That night she began to complain of severe cramps and her diarrhea became bloody and pus-filled.  The family has no recent travel history and while they are vegetarians, they only consume pasteurized milk, cheese, and egg products.  The gram stain showed many white blood cells and many gram-negative bacilli.  The culture resulted in many translucent-clear colonies on the MacConkey’s agar that were oxidase negative and fermented glucose, but not lactose.   She was admitted to the hospital to treat her dehydration and for observation.  Case Study 3 Question 1: What was the most likely etiologic agent of infection in this patient? 

Gonorrhea is a disease that can be given a presumptive diagnosis using only a Gram stain under certain parameters.  What parameters must exist in order to provide this diagnosis? (Choose all that are correct)

Which of the following organism can be found as part of the normal flora in some patients and therefore is considered an opportunistic pathogen?

Because it can harbor the pathogen and result in a carrier state, surgical removal of the gall bladder is sometimes recommended in which of the following diseases?

Two blocks are connected by a massless rope over a frictionless, massless pulley. Block m1 hangs freely, while block m2 rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface. m1=[m1] kg, and m2=[m2] kg. A horizontal force F=[F] N is applied to m2. What is the magnitude of the tension in the rope? Express your answer in newtons (N).

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