A number of technical mechanisms-digital watermarks and embedded code, copyright codes, and even the intentional placement of bad sectors on software media-have been used to enforce copyright laws.

Acts of ____ can lead to unauthorized real or virtual actions that enable information gatherers to enter premises or systems they have not been authorized to enter.

A(n) ____ is an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time.

A macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a computer’s boot sector.

The ____ file contains the hashed representation of the user’s password.

A worm can deposit copies of itself onto all Web servers that the infected system can reach, so that users who subsequently visit those sites become infected.

The transfer of large batches of data to an off-site facility is called ____.

Attacks conducted by scripts are usually unpredictable.

Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God can present some of the most dangerous threats, because they are usually occur with very little warning and are beyond the control of people.

There are generally two skill levels among hackers: expert and ____.